[Survey the effect of acupressure on sixth spleen point on primary dysmenorrheal relief]

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is common in women during reproductive age

Objective: this study aimed to determine the effect of acupressure on sixth spleen point [SP6] on relief of primary dysmenorrheal

Methods: this study is a clinical trial. Students with primary dysmenorrheal living in dormitory were studied during three menstrual cycles. Pain intensity was measured on the first cycle without intervention. Subjects were divided into two parallel groups [pressure on SP6 and placebo groups], using a randomized block design with odds ratio of 1:1 based on the intensity of pain. In the second and third cycles, pressure was exerted by the samples. Pain intensity was compared with the visual analogue scale before and after intervention. Samples, person dividing the groups, data analyzer were blinded to study groups. At the end data related to 30 students in experiment group and 32 students in control group were analyzed. T test, chi-square, Friedman, Mann-Whitney and ordinal regression were used to compare the pain severity in experiment and control groups

Results: pain severity up to 3 hours after giving pressure on SP6 [p<0.004] and four hours after giving pressure on control point [p<0.001] was decreased compared to before intervention. There was no difference observed pain in groups before and after intervention

Conclusion: since pain severity was less in both groups after intervention, more studies are recommended

[Investigation of temporal pattern of scorpion sting and snakebite incidence in patients referred to Masjedsoleiman's main hospital, during 24 months from 21 March 2008 to 20 March 2009]

Scorpion sting and snakebite are the important problems in some area such as Iran that must be addressed. This study was to investigate temporal pattern of scorpion sting and snakebite incidence in patients referred to Masjedsoleiman's main hospital, during 24 months from 21 March 2008 to 20 March 2009. It was an analytical study to scrutiny of monthly and seasonal procedure of scorpion sting and snakebite. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Minitab. To identify the goodness of fit model for monthly and seasonal incidence of scorpion sting and snakebite, autoregressive integrated moving average [ARIMA] models were used to explore time series analysis. Of all 9457 scorpion sting and snake-bite cases in patients referring to hospital, 45% [n = 4253] were men. Mean age of them was 28.26 +/- 0.36 years. Significant numbers [27%] of these patients had 21-30 years old, and were bitted in urban [93%], at their home [99.7%]. The auto regression suggested that monthly average incidents model have a moving average. The analyses through Anderson- Darling test provide evidence that the distribution of residuals was normal [P = 0.125]. Weather variables can be as the predictors of scorpion sting and snake-bite incidence for Masjedsoleiman.

[Survey of breakfast consumption status and its predictors among Qom students based on the Pender's health promotion model constructs]

Breakfast, considered to be the most important meal, is skipped more ferquently than other meals by children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine breakfast consumption and its predictors among Qom school girl students based on the Pender's health promotion model constructs. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 100 secondary school girl students selected by classified random sampling from among secondary schools of the City of Qom, Iran. The Pender's health promotion model [HPM] constructs were used as the theoretical framework. Data were collected using questionnaires. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by SPSS [version 17] software, the statistical tests being correlation and regression analysis. The average number of breakfasts consumed per week was 3 [ +/- 1.5]. Body mass index, time of waking up in the morning, and interpersonal influences had no significant correlations with the average number of breakfasts consumed per week. On the basis of the Pender's health promotion model constructs and personal factors having a potentially significant correlation with behavior, 69% of the variability in breakfast consumption by the girl students [R[2] =0.69, F =12.68, p< 0.0001] was predicted by the following variables: prior related behaviors, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and competing demands and preferences. In designing nutritional interventions aiming at increasing breakfast consumption in school girl students, it is better to put more emphasis on strategies to promote self-efficacy and reduce perceived barriers. Also, paying due attention to prior related behavior and competing demands and preferences can be beneficial in designing effective interventions

[Survey of occupational high risk behaviors leading to infection in sweepers working in one of the district of Tehran Municipality in 2009]

Although sweepers are one of the high risk groups for HIV and HBV infections; nevertheless, there is a paucity of research into high risk behaviors of sweepers. The aim of this study was to determine occupational high risk behaviors leading to infection in sweepers who are working in district twenty, Tehran municipality. This study is a descriptive analytical type. A convenience sample included 400 sweepers working in district twenty, Tehran municipality were selected by simple sampling. Demographic and occupational high risk behavior lead to infection inventories were two instruments for collecting data in the present study. Reliability and validity of scales had estimated. Statistical analysis of data was performed with SPSS 16 software for Windows. Thirty percents of sweepers had a history of needle stick injuries and 35/5% of them had a history of cuts of hand from blades existing rubbishes.%25/5 of sweepers had not action encounter to discarded syringes and needles in streets and other places. In the case of needle stick injury occurred, 2/5 percent of sweepers were washing damaged organ with clean water, 3/8% with soap and water and 7/8% with alcohol. 0/5% of them were sent out blood of damaged organ with pressure, 11 percent reported the incident to a doctor to get post-exposure treatment and 74/5% had not action. 4/8% of sweepers never wear gloves for collecting garbage and only 54% of sweepers were using gloves regularly. 4/8% of sweepers were never using boots when collecting garbage and only 41/5% of sweepers were using boots regularly. 65 percent of sweepers reported that municipal contractors provides boots and gloves and 53 percents of them reported that these tools are unsafe and thin. Results of this study demonstrated that there are numerous occupational high risk behaviors which may lead to infection in sweepers. Educational talks were given to sweepers and municipal contractors on hazards, prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis to needle-stick injuries. Also, providing safety equipment including protective boots and gloves by municipal contractors for all sweepers in necessary

[Relationship between health belief model constructs and DMFT among five-grade boy students in the primary school in Dezfool]

Tooth decay is one of the most common human diseases and it has a close relationship with individual's behaviors. Access to present information or the status can pave the ground for interventions that can improve oral health status. The health belief model is a framework that shows the relation between some of the constructs related personal perceives and cues to action and self efficacy and behavior. This research was done to determine predictors of health belief model constructs in dental caries index in the boy students, in fifthgrade in the primary school in Dezfool in 2010. This research is an analyticdescription type. Initially a questionnaire was self-designed based on model constructs, and validity and reliability was evaluated. Then, 150 students were selected by random sampling method. The collected data form the completed questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS15 software. The results showed that prevalence of tooth decay was%78.7 and M +/- SD of dental caries index was 2.59 +/- 2.05. There was a significant relation between dental caries index and perceived susceptibility [P=0.07, r=0.21], severity [P=0.03, r=0.16], barriers [P=0.07, r=0.21], and self efficacy [P=0.04, r=0.17] constructs, but it had no significant relation with perceived benefits and cues to action. In addition, there was a significant relation between dental caries index and tooth brushing behavior [P=0.002, F=4.05], but it had no significant relation with using tooth flossing. The result of this study confirms that we can decrease tooth decay indicator of students by improving tooth brushing behavior

[Effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on anxiety level and health related quality of life in anxious patients after coronary artery bypass surgery]

There is a lack of clinical trials studying the effects of relaxation techniques as a basis of stress management on anxiety and quality of life in anxious patients after heart surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive muscular relaxation training on reducing anxiety and improving quality of life among patients with high levels of anxiety after coronary artery bypass graft surgery [CABG]. A randomized controlled trial with a prospective pretest-posttest experimental design was used. One hundred ten patients with threatening anxiety level, 6 weeks after coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received progressive muscular relaxation [PMR] training, and the control group received only routine cardiac rehabilitation care. State/trait anxiety was measured with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and quality of life was measured with the SF-36 questionnaire. There were significant reductions in state anxiety] P=0.001] and trait anxiety[P=0.001] in the experimental group when compared with the controls after the intervention. Significant improvements were found in the following quality of life measures after participating in progressive muscular relaxation training: physical functioning[P=0.00001], role-physical [P=0.03], bodily pain[P=0.00001], general health[P=0.00001], vitality[P=0.00001], social functioning[P=0.001], role-emotional [P=0.00001] and mental health[P=0.00001]. Teaching relaxation techniques could serve as a resource for improving heart patients' psychological health and quality of life

effect of health education on health related quality of life in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of the health education program to improve patient's health-related quality of life with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Seventy patients in pre-operation were randomized into the study, with 35 patients in the experimental and 35 patients in the control group. The demographic information, Sf-36 and Nottingham Health Profile questionnaire were administered and filled out before surgery by seventy patients. Patients in the experimental group received the educational intervention. Educational intervention was according to Mico's education planning model. For the second phase of Mico's model, knowledge, attitude and function were measured in seventy patients by questionnaire before education. These patients were followed up to 1 month. Afterwards Sf-36 and Nottingham Health Profile questionnaires were administered 1-month after education to be filled out by patients again. SPSS and EXCEL softwares analyzed all data. Significant improvements in quality of life between the two groups, as measured by the Nottingham Health Profile, were seen in energy [p<0.001], pain [p<0.006], emotional reaction [p<0.00001], sleep [p<0.01], physical mobility [p<0.00001] and total average quality of life [p<0.00001]. Significant improvements in quality of life between the two groups, as measured by the Sf-36, were seen in physical function [p<0.00001], role limitations resulting from emotional status [p<0.007], role limitations resulting from physical status [p<0.005], mental health [p<0.03], vitality [p<0.02] and total average quality of life [p<0.02]. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that health education results in improved quality of life for patients with CABG