ABSTRACT
The methylprednisolone [MP] is a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid initiallydeveloped for its enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to examinethe effect of MP on the spatial learning and memory in an experimental model ofAlzheimer's disease in rats. Male rats were allocated into five groups: control group; lesiongroup which received electrically-induced lesion [0.5 mA, 3s] in the nucleus basalismagnocellularis [NBM] to create Alzheimer's model; sham group [the electrode wasimpaled into the NBM with no lesion]; MP group [lesion+30 mg/kg MP] and saline group [lesion NBM + 0.2 mL saline]. After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-mazetask for five days. The animals were tested for spatial memory one month later. Results showed that the bilateral lesion of NBM impaired the .spatial learningcompared to the control group [P=0.01]. The administration of MP significantly improved spatial learning of rats with the Alzheimer's disease [P<0.001]. Moreover, no effect onspatial learning was seen in the sham group compared with the lesion group. No significantdifference was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the memory testafter one month. Administration of MP can be an effective treatment for the Alzheimer'sdisease
ABSTRACT
Laboratory-scale reverse osmosis [RO] studies were carried out to determine feasibility of the process for treatment of Tehran refinery oily wastewater. The effects of transmembrane pressure [TMP], cross flow velocity [CFV], temperature and pH on permeation flux and separation performance of the thin film composite [TFC] polyamide [PA, type UTC-70UB] RO membrane were investigated. At original effluent composition, high rejection of TDS [87.0%], COD [95.0%], BOD5 [95.3%], TOC [90.0%], turbidity [81.8%] and oil and grease content [86.1%] along with complete rejection of color, free oil and TSS were achieved with a reasonably high flux of 50 L/m[2]h. Permeation flux was found to improve with increasing TMP, CFV and temperature at constant feed concentration but rejection decreased slightly. The pH effects were found to be complex; by increasing acidic and basic nature of the feed, permeation flux was found to increase and rejection to reduce. The results showed that, RO is very suitable for treating and recycling refinery oily wastewater effluents. Also, fouling of the membrane completely followed Hermia's model [cake filtration mechanism]
Subject(s)
Osmosis , OilsABSTRACT
Households differ in size, age composition, educational level and other characteristics. Generally, we do expect households with different characteristics to have different expenditure patterns. In order to calculate the impact of household, characteristics on their minimum requirements and household's demand, equivalent scale is introduced. Household equivalence scales provide an economic way of incorporating the impact of demographic change into models for the allocation of aggregate consumer expenditure. they are also useful in welfare economics for comparing levels of welfare among households with different demographic characteristics. In this paper, different common approaches to equivalent scales are introduced. Jorgenson-Slesnick model is one of the most famous and useful methods to measure different aspects of households' characteristics. In this paper, we have applied this method to calculate household equivalent scale for different demographic characteristics in compare with the reference household that is an urban household consists of an adult couple. We used this scale to compare welfare of households with different characteristics. In this regard, data collected through Household Surveys for the period of 1984-2003 and the cross-section data of 2002 have been used. The results of this research can be used to compare wellbeing level as well as the minimum household expenditure requirements for different household types. The results are prerequisite for poverty and inequality measurement as well as for distributing government subsidies over the basic commodities according to the differences of the households' characteristics, including family size, urban and rural residential areas, educational level of the head of household, and the type of commodities that the households consume