ABSTRACT
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Nitrate has been introduced as a new therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. Considering that both diabetes and nitrate have some effects on blood cell count and 30% of diabetic patients have anemia, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium nitrate on blood cell count in obese type 2 diabetic rats
Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, Control + nitrate, Diabetes and Diabetes + nitrate. The groups that received nitrate [Control + nitrate, Diabetes + nitrate] again were divided into two subgroups, which received sodium nitrate [100 and 250 mg/L in drinking water] for two months: control+nitrate100 [CN100], control+nitrate 250 [CN250], diabetes+nitrate100 [DN100], and diabetes+nitrate250 [DN250]. Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet for 14 days and injection of streptozotocin. Blood cell count was performed at the end of the study
Results: In diabetic rats, nitrate administration reduced body weight, blood glucose, hematocrits, and neutrophils [all p<0.05] but increased total number of white blood cells and lymphocytes [p<0.05]. Nitrate administration had no effect on the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, or platelet numbers
Conclusion: Administration of sodium nitrate, which is considered as a therapeutic agent in type 2 diabetes, decreased blood glucose in the type 2 diabetic rats but had no major harmful effects on blood parameters; in addition, it may also have anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the number of neutrophils
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Adipose tissue, both white and brown, play an important role in energy homoeostasis. These tissues contain three types of adipocytes, white, brown, and beige [brown-in-white] adipocytes. The beige adipocytes of white adipose tissue, have a white fat-like phenotype and upon stimulation change to a brown fat-like phenotype, leading to increased thermogenesis, a phenomenon called browning. Obesity, a risk factor for the development of diabetes, with an increasing prevalence worldwide, depends not only on the intake-consumption ratio of calories, but also on the ratio of white-to-brown adipose tissue. Browning of white adipose tissue in humans is associated with beneficial metabolic effects. Nitric oxide deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase enzymes [classic pathway] and also independently from nitric oxide synthase- [nitrate-nitrite pathway]. Nitric oxide production from the nitrate-nitrite pathway could potentially be used as a nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. The aims of this review is to summarize the properties of adipose tissue browning, and also, the browning effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide. Based on literature available, administration of nitrate and nitrite can be considered to be a new treatment for obesity and diabetes. Nitrate and nitrite increase browning of white adipocytes by increasing nitric oxide and can improve metabolism?