ABSTRACT
We measured the power that sprinters and non-athletes put out by Monark's bicycle ergometer under eight work loads from light to heavy.<BR>Also we measured the power that was put out when sprinters and non-athletes repeated the work that recorded the maximum power respectively 10 and 9 times.<BR>The results were as follows :<BR>1) Large difference was not found between the largest power of sprinters and that of non-athletes in the works of 3 or 4 kp light work loads. But considerable difference between the largest power of sprinters and that of non-athletes was found as the work loads got on heavy from 5 to 7 kp. Sprinters who had best record of 10''7-10''9 in 100 meters dash put out the maximum power (90.4-105.8kgm/sec) under the work loads of 7 or 8 kp. On the other hand non-athletes put out the maximum power (62.1-85.2kgm/sec) under the work loads of 5 or 6 kp.<BR>2) As the work loads got on heavy from 5 to 7 kp, such a large difference between sprinters and non-athletes was not found in forces, but remarkable difference was found in speed. And sprinters were better in speed under comparatively heavier work loads than non-athletes. This was a factor which caused the large difference in the max-imum power between sprinters and non-athletes.<BR>3) The maximum powers which were put out by all subjects except two sprinters were situated on almost a straight line. But those of two sprinters were situated on the left of that line. This means that two sprinters excelled power output especially in speed.<BR>4) When sprinters and non-athletes repeated the work which put out the maximum power respectively 10 and 9 times, having a rest for 4 minutes between the works, the powers did not indicate great decline from 1 to 910 times in both sprinters and non-athletes. But when they repeated the same work, having a rest for 1 mimute between the works, the powers indicated a considerable decline from about 5 to 910 times in both sprinters and non-athletes. And the rate of those decline did not indicate great difference between sprinters and non-athletes.<BR>5) We found out three types on the power output in both sprinters and non-athletes as follows : (1) compared with the power decline from 4 to 5 sec, the rate of that from 5 to 6 sec was considerably high, (2) the power declined from 4 to 6 sec, and the rate of this decline was comparatively small, (3) the rate of power decline 4 to 6 sec was wholly maintained high.
ABSTRACT
1. We observed how brain waves change, especially in frequency, during the period of physical exercise training as subjects are becoming more skilful.<BR>2. In the first, subjects, with eyes closed, were given bicycle ergometer load in the hypnotic state, the brain waves of the subjects were clearer when they were suggested that they can pedal easily than when they were suggested that their pedaling is heavy.<BR>3. In the second experiment, we took up a fourteen-year-old school girl as a subject, who had been unable to ride a bicycle and whose brain wave shows no alpha blocking while her eyes are open. Using a radio-telemeter, we took her electroencephalograms every day for about ten days when she was learning bicycle-riding. As a result, we find that her brain waves were complicated at first when she was pedaling with voluntary effort and with others' help, and that they were becoming simpler as she got used to riding, until alpha waves began to appear with her skill in and smoothness of riding.<BR>4. In the third experiment, with a number of novices in skiing as our subjects, we made electroencephalographical observations of them practising on natural snow. In order to avoid the alpha blocking, we imposed the condition that they keep their eyes closed during the experiments. Brain waves were taken by using a radio-telemeter, whose receiver was set in a house and antenna in the middle of an about seventy-meter slow descent course. Because of their closed eyes, they seemed to feel no little fear so that their brain waves were too complicated to analyze and were mixed with electromyographical fluctuations. But as they became more skilled, their brain waves were more normal and simpler, until even alpha waves sometimes appeared during smooth descent skiing.<BR>5. When we learn new exercise, we need higher mental activity using the cerebral cortex in the beginning, but that as we are growing more skilled and more used to the exercise, our mental activity becomes a lower and reflexive one that needs no much participation of the cerebral cortex. And alpha wave become to appear in the brain waves.<BR>6. We discussed that how related our researches are with Jasper and Penfield's beta wave and “rhythme en arceau” of Gastaut and Chatrian in rolandic region blocking owing to the voluntary movement. It may be given a conclusion that electroencephalographic blockings are based on the mental activity of the preparation to voluntary movements.
ABSTRACT
In order to develop skill of students in the physical education, the authors investigated the relation between the intensity of stimulus and the amplitude of evoked potential and how the amplitude is affected by the verbal suggestion of stimulus intensity when the subject is in the hypnotic state.<BR>1. There is an approximately parallel relation among the intensity level (db) of auditory stimulus, the light area of optical stimulus, and the amplitude of evoked potential.<BR>2. When the subject is in the hypnotic state, the amplitude of vertex potential is larger if he is told that the stimulus is loud, and the amplitude is smaller if he is told that the stimulus is small.<BR>3. When the subject is in the hypnotic state, the verbal suggestion that he feels no pain at all produces a big positive change in the amplitude of vertex potential, while the suggestion that he feels very much pain produces a negative change and in some cases, an after-discharge can be observed. But no change was seen in the evoked potential of the central area.<BR>4. When the subject is hypnotized, the amplitude of evoked potential in the occipital area increases and decreases according to the verbal suggestion that the light looks larger and smaller respectively.<BR>Hypnotic suggestion may be applied to the guidane in physical education.