Constipação oculta e semi-oculta em crianças com enurese monossintomática ou não monossintomática / Occult and semi-occult constipation in children with monosymptomatic or non monosymptomatic enuresis

ABSTRACT Background: Functional constipation and enuresis frequently coexist. Constipation treatment often results in resolution or improvement of the enuresis. However, besides the classical presentation, patients can present with occult constipation (OC) diagnosed in complementary evaluation; in addition, semi-occult constipation (SOC) can be detected by means of a detailed questionnaire. Objective: To quantify OC and SOC frequency in children with monosymptomatic or non monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE or NMNE). Methods: Otherwise healthy children/adolescents, with enuresis refractory to behavioral therapy and denying constipation after simple questions, answered a structured bowel habit questionnaire and were submitted to a plain abdominal radiological exam. Constipation was classified considering the Boston diagnostic criteria (to allow diagnosis at initial stages), and fecal loading in the X-ray quantified ≥10 by the Barr score. Children with constipation received a standardized treatment (except 26 "pilot" children). Results: Out of 81 children, 80 aged 9.34±2.07 years, 52.5% male, were diagnosed with constipation: 30 OC, 50 SOC; 63.75% had MNE, 36.25% NMNE (six NMNE without behavioral therapy). Demographic data and the Barr score were similar for OC and SOC, but SOC children experienced significantly more constipation complications (retentive fecal incontinence and/or recurrent abdominal pain). Not showing the Bristol Stool Scale (BSS) to 24 "pilot" children, or absence of constipation symptoms accompanying BSS predominantly type 3, in 13 children, did not significantly impact the detection of constipation by the Barr score. Children identifying BSS 3 or ≤2 had similar results. Twenty-eight children, with adequate follow-up after treatment, improved or recovered from constipation at 44 of their 52 follow-up visits. Conclusion: In patients with MNE or NMNE refractory to behavioral therapy, and who initially denied constipation after simple questions, a detailed questionnaire based on the Boston diagnostic criteria detected SOC in 61.7%, and the radiological Barr score revealed fecal loading (OC) in 37.0% of them.

RESUMO Contexto: Constipação funcional e enurese frequentemente coexistem. Tratamento da constipação geralmente resulta em cura ou melhora da enurese. Entretanto, além da apresentação clássica, pode ocorrer constipação oculta (CO), diagnosticada por exame subsidiário; ademais, ao aplicar questionário detalhado, pode-se detectar constipação semioculta (CSO). Objetivo: Obter as frequências de CO e CSO em crianças com enurese mono- ou não monossintomática (EMN ou ENMN). Métodos: Crianças/adolescentes saudáveis, exceto por enurese refratária à terapia comportamental, e que negavam constipação após perguntas simples, respondiam a questionário estruturado sobre hábito intestinal, e realizavam radiografia simples de abdômen. A constipação foi classificada considerando os critérios diagnósticos de Boston (que permitem diagnóstico em fases iniciais) e retenção fecal na radiografia quantificada ≥10 pelo escore de Barr. As crianças com constipação receberam tratamento padronizado (exceto 26 crianças "piloto"). Resultados: Das 81 crianças, 80 com idade 9,34±2,07 anos, 52,5% masculinas, foram diagnosticadas com constipação: 30 CO, 50 CSO; 63.75% tinham EMN, 36.25% ENMN (6 ENMN sem terapia comportamental). Os dados demográficos e o escore de Barr foram semelhantes para CO e CSO, mas as crianças com CSO apresentaram significativamente mais complicações de constipação (incontinência fecal retentiva e/ou dor abdominal recorrente). A não apresentação da Escala Fecal de Bristol (EFB) para 24 crianças "piloto", ou ausência de sintomas de constipação acompanhando EFB predominantemente do tipo 3, em 13 crianças, não teve impacto significativo na detecção de constipação pelo escore de Barr. Crianças que identificaram EFB 3 ou ≤2 tiveram resultados semelhantes. Vinte e oito crianças, com acompanhamento adequado após o tratamento, melhoraram ou se recuperaram da constipação em 44 de seus 52 retornos. Conclusão: Em pacientes com EMN ou ENMN refratária à terapia comportamental, e que inicialmente negavam constipação após perguntas simples, questionário baseado nos critérios diagnósticos de Boston detectou CSO em 61.7%, e o escore radiológico de Barr revelou retenção fecal (CO) em 37% deles.

Neurological status predicts response to alpha-blockers in men with voiding dysfunction and Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate predictors of the response to doxazosin, a selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, when used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: In a prospective study, 33 consecutive men (mean age 59.2±7.0 years) with Parkinson's disease and lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated. Neurological dysfunction was assessed with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Urological assessment was performed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with 4 mg/day of extended-release doxazosin, including symptom evaluation with the International Continence Society male short-form questionnaire, an assessment of the impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life and urodynamics. Clinical and urodynamic predictors of response were specifically evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with the score at baseline, the total International Continence Society male short-form score was reduced after doxazosin administration, from 17.4±7.5 to 11.1±6.9 (p<0.001). The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life was also significantly reduced, from 1.8±1.1 to 1.0±1.0 (p<0.001) and the maximum urinary flow varied from 9.3±4.4 to 11.2±4.6 ml/s (p = 0.025). The severity of neurological impairment ...

Renal function in children with congenital neurogenic bladder

AIMS: Preservation of renal function in children with congenital neurogenic bladder is an important goal of treatment for the disease. This study analyzed the evolution of renal function in patients with congenital neurogenic bladder. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 58 pediatric patients with respect to the following attributes: gender, age, etiology of neurogenic bladder, reason for referral, medical/surgical management, episodes of treated urinary tract infections, urodynamics, DMSA scintigraphy, weight, height, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria and metabolic acidosis. Statistical analysis was performed, adopting the 5 percent significance level. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 4.2 ± 3.5 years. Myelomeningocele was the most frequent etiology (71.4 percent). Recurrent urinary tract infection was the reason for referral in 82.8 percent of the patients. Recurrent urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 84.5 percent of the patients initially; 83.7 percent of those patients experienced improvement during follow-up. The initial mean glomerular filtration rate was 146.7 ± 70.1 mL/1.73 m²/min, and the final mean was 193.6 ± 93.6 mL/1.73 m²/min, p = 0.0004. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed in 54.1 percent of the patients initially and in 69 percent in the final evaluation. Metabolic acidosis was present in 19 percent of the patients initially and in 32.8 percent in the final assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Patient referral to a pediatric nephrologist was late. A reduction in the number of urinary tract infections was observed with adequate treatment, but microalbuminuria and metabolic acidosis occurred frequently despite adequate management.

Experience with different botulinum toxins for the treatment of refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity

Purpose: To report our experience with the use of the botulinum toxin-A (BoNT/A) formulations Botox® and Prosigne® in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Materials and methods: At a single institution, 45 consecutive patients with refractory urinary incontinence due to NDO received a single intradetrusor (excluding the trigone) treatment with botulinum toxin type A 200 or 300 units. Botox was used for the first 22 patients, and Prosigne for the subsequent 23 patients. Evaluations at baseline and week 12 included assessment of continence and urodynamics. Safety evaluations included monitoring of vital signs, hematuria during the procedure, hospital stay, and spontaneous adverse event reports. Results: A total of 42 patients were evaluated (74 percent male; mean age, 34.8 years). Significant improvements from baseline in maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum detrusor pressure during bladder contraction, and compliance were observed in both groups (P < 0.05). Improvement in MCC was significantly greater with Botox versus Prosigne (+103.3 percent vs. +42.2 percent; P = 0.019). Continence was achieved by week 12 in 16 Botox recipients (76.2 percent) and 10 Prosigne recipients (47.6 percent; P = 0.057). No severe adverse events were observed. Mild adverse events included 2 cases of transient hematuria on the first postoperative day (no specific treatment required), and 3 cases of afebrile urinary tract infection. Conclusions: Botox and Prosigne produce distinct effects in patients with NDO, with a greater increase in MCC with Botox. Further evaluation will be required to assess differences between these formulations.

Voiding dysfunction and urodynamic abnormalities in elderly patients

Disfunções do trato urinário inferior são uma causa importante de morbidade e diminuição da qualidade de vida em homens e mulheres idosos. Com o envelhecimento progressivo da população, é importante compreender os distúrbios miccionais mais comuns nesta população. A maioria dos problemas miccionais em homens idosos tem origem multifatorial, requerendo uma avaliação ampla dos órgãos do trato urinário inferior, da capacidade funcional e neurológica dos pacientes e dos problemas clínicos coexistentes. A avaliação urodinâmica é uma ferramenta importante na investigação de pacientes idosos com sintomas do trato urinário inferior. Ela não é necessária em todos os casos e só deve ser indicada após a exclusão de problemas não urológicos e potencialmente reversíveis que poderiam causar ou contribuir para os sintomas miccionais. Embora os exames urodinâmicos possam revelar diagnósticos comuns como obstrução vesical ou incontinência urinária de esforço, na população idosa é freqüente a ocorrência de achados como hiperatividade detrusora e falência da contratilidade vesical, com implicações prognósticas e terapêuticas importantes. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os problemas urológicos mais comuns nos idosos e discutir as indicações e características dos exames urodinâmicos nestas condições.

Evaluation and treatment of the overactive bladder

The overactive bladder is characterized by symptoms of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, substantially affecting the quality of life of millions of people throughout the world. The symptoms are associated with significant social, psychological, occupational, domestic, physical, and sexual problems. Despite the considerable impact of this condition on quality of life, sufferers are often unwilling to discuss their problem with family members or health care professionals. This situation is unfortunate, for much can be done to alleviate the symptoms of this distressing condition. It is therefore of utmost importance that medical education about symptoms of the overactive bladder and other related problems be improved to help health care professionals identify and treat patients who will benefit from therapy. This article reviews current thinking regarding definition, epidemiology, quality of life effects, evaluation, and management of the overactive bladder