ABSTRACT
To access the Antioxidant Status in Patient with Variation in Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 90 selected patients suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [DM] and 30 subjects as control group. Case Control Study, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. July 2013 - March 2014. Out of 120 selected subjects, 90 were of DM type 2and 30 were assigned as control group [group 1]. Based on duration, patients of DM type 2 were divided into; group 2, 3 and 4; group 2 - patients with DM [type 2] duration less than 5 years, group 3 - with DM duration between 5-10 years and group 4-with duration of DM more than 10 years. Smokers, renal failure, coronary artery disease, thyroid disease and previous antioxidant treatment patients were excluded from the study. Diabetes mellitus type 2 was diagnosed according to the standards set by American Diabetes Association. The fasting plasma glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase method; HbA1c by automated kit on Cobas Integra of Roche. The TAC was measured by calorimetric TAC Assay Kit [BioVision] while Vitamin C and E were measured by using ELISA Kit [HUMAN]. Cut off values for HbA1c was taken as ;6%; FBS 110 mg/dl; TAC 1.16 mmol/L; Vitamin C 2 mg/dl; Vitamin E 9.5nmol/ml. As the duration of type 2 diabetes increases, it was seen that vitamin C levels and TAC levels in all groups except between groups 1 and 2 decreased significantly; however, anti-oxidant vitamin E, was found to be significantly decreased in all the groups as the duration increases. A significantly increased level of HbA1c were noticed in groups 2, 3 and 4 as compared to group 1 as the duration of diabetes increases; however, the levels were found to be non-significant when group 4 was compared with that of group 2 and group 3. When fasting blood sugar was compared between the diabetic groups a significant increased levels were noticed in all the groups with the exception between group 3 and 4. A significant differences between each group and within the groups was observed when HbA1c, vitamin E, vitamin C, and TAC were compared using ANOVA. A statistical significant correlation was observed when HbA1c was correlated with FBS; however, it shows an inverse relationship with TAC, vitamin C and vitamin E. A significant inverse correlation of FIBS was noticed with TAC, vitamin C, and vitamin E. A significant positive correlation was seen when TAC was correlated with vitamin C and vitamin E. A similar trend of significant positive correlation was seen when vitamin C was correlated with vitamin E. The levels of total anti-oxidant capacity, vitamin C, and vitamin E gradually decrease with duration of diabetes and are associated with oxidative stress. These antioxidant vitamins [vitamin C and vitamin E] should be supplemented in diabetics to increase their quality of life. TAC status may be taken as early marker to detect complications in diabetic type 2 patients especially of longer duration
ABSTRACT
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of Acacia modesta [AM] leaves extract in comparison with glibenclamide in alloxan induced diabetic rats
STUDY DESIGN: An Experimental study
PLACE AND DURATION: This study was carried out at the Shifa College of Medicine and National Institute of Health, Islamabad from October 2010 to October 2011
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty healthy male albino rats were equally divided into four groups [n=30], groups A [normal control], B [diabetic control], C [diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide] and group D [diabetics rats treated with AM leaves extract]. Diabetes was induced in overnight fasting [14-16 hrs] rats of groups B, C and D by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan [110 mg/kg b.w] and was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level >200 mg/dl on 4th post-induction day. Rats of group C and D were treated with glibenclamide [900 µg/kg b.w] and Acacia modesta leaves extract [400 mg/kg b.w] respectively for 3 weeks. Serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL and serum HDL levels were measured by homogenous enzymatic colorimetric method
RESULTS: A significant decrease [p<0.05] in the levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels, and an increase in HDL levels were noticed in rats treated with glibenclamide [group C] and AM leaves extract [group D] than the diabetic control rats [group B]. Group C showed a significant decrease in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with a significant increase in levels of HDL as compared to group D
CONCLUSION: Administration of AM leaves extract results in hypolipidaemic activity in diabetic rats as that of glibenclamide
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Aim of the study is to explore through discourse analysis, the faculty interaction on the pattern of Foucault that how discourses of professionalism run and shape the mind set of the faculty in a medical school
STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Study
MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the Foucauldian approach to the critical discourse analysis [CDA] of professionalism in our faculty comprising all tiers of the basic and clinical teachers of Rawal Institute of Health Sciences. Each faculty uncovered three distinct discourses that have constructed what professionalism actually is
The data was collected, qualitative analysis to see the explanatory power and quantitative analysis to see the trend was performed
RESULTS: A total of 75 faculty members participated in this study. Out of 215 discursive positions taken by different tiers of medical faculty morals and attitudes were the first choice that they want to see in tomorrow's doctor alongside knowledge and skills. Only 1/3 of the participants were of the view that today's doctor should have competent communication skills
CONCLUSION: A longitudinal interdisciplinary approach should be adapted to inculcate professionalism at undergraduate medical training level with lot more emphasis on the sociological perspective
ABSTRACT
Background: To consider new hypoglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and anti-platelet aggregation sources, aqueous methanol extract of Acacia Nilotica [AN] leaves was investigated in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced in 90 out of 120 male albino rats by administering 50 mg/Kg bodyweight [bw] streptozotocin intraperitonealy, and was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level >200 mg/dL on 4th post-induction day. The rats were equally divided into 4 groups, A [normal control], B [diabetic control], C [diabetics rats treated with plant extract] and group D [diabetics rats treated with glyburide]. The rats of group C and D were given single dose of 300 mg/Kg bw, AN extract, and 900 µg/Kg bw glyburide respectively for 3 weeks. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer, platelet aggregation by DiaMed method, ß-thromboglobulin and insulin by ELISA technique, and lipid components were measured by enzymatic calorimetric method. Results: Significant differences [p<0.05] were noticed in blood glucose, serum insulin, platelet aggregation and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats treated with AN extract and glyburide as compared to diabetic controlled rats. A significant difference [p<0.05] in ß-thromboglobulin and LDL levels was also noticed in rats treated with glyburide than the diabetic controlled rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, ß-thromboglobulin and platelet aggregation were significantly reduced [p<0.05] in diabetic rats treated with glyburide than AN extract treated rats. Conclusions: Administration of AN leaves extract showed hypoglycaemic and anti-platelet aggregation activity in diabetic rats as that of glyburide. Keywords: Acacia Nilotica, Hypoglycemia, Streptozotocin