ABSTRACT
Background: Having prior anatomical knowledge of the anatomical variations is a must for the accurate and effective diagnosis of clinical conditions associated with the sciatic nerve. Sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the human body has been of great interest for the clinicians and anatomists; though many studies have been conducted in the past to study its anatomical aspect. Till now high division or low formation of the sciatic nerve has been reported but this article highlights the non-union of the components of the sciatic nerve and its clinical outcomes. It had been observed that the common fibular and tibial nerve which arise separately from the sacral plexus remain separated throughout their course. They do not join to form the sciatic nerve. Non-union of the components can result in incomplete blockade of the nerve but selective blockade of one of the components can be done when needed. Aim of the study was to determine the level of formation and the level of division of the sciatic nerve.Methods: Sixty-two lower limbs were taken from the Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi and gluteal region was observed for common fibular and tibial nerve and their joining to form the sciatic nerve.Results: Out of 62 lower limbs; 52 specimens showed formation within the pelvis but in 10 specimens the sciatic nerve did not form at any point. Division of the nerve in 52 specimens were at various levels on the posterior aspect of thigh.Conclusions: While giving anaesthesia it’s important to know the formation as well as division of the nerve for an effective lower limb block for various surgical interventions and in case of non union of tibial and common fibular nerve to form the sciatic nerve individual nerve block can be given.
ABSTRACT
Background: Aminoglycoside antibiotics are still the drug of choice in variable conditions like resistant tuberculosis and septicaemia. Toxic effects are the greatest hurdle in their liberal use. Their central neuro-toxicities specially in terms of affinity are yet to be explored. Methods: Experimental rats received streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamycin in a dose of 30mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 135 mg/kg respectively, IMI, daily for 21 days. Total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol and gangliosides were estimated in auditory cortex, medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, cerebellum and spinal cord in both control and experimental rats. Results: On the basis of statistically significant alterations in aforementioned biochemical parameters, affinity of drugs was quantified by scoring. Streptomycin and kanamycin showed maximum toxicity in terms of scoring of 4 with preferential targets i.e. medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus respectively. Gentamycin showed affinity for higher centres only with equal scoring of 3 for toxicity at three locations i.e. auditory cortex, medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus. Conclusion: Such preferential toxicities might reflect some aspects of mechanism of toxicity of different drugs.
ABSTRACT
Background: Literature showing growth pattern of cervical and lumbar enlargements of spinal cord and the limbs to which they supply and their inter-relationships do not exist in literature in human samples. Methods: Spinal cords were dissected out from 30 normal human foetuses of different gestational ages, divided into five equal groups. Mean length of arm, forearm and thigh were determined in each group. Sections obtained from cervical and lumbar enlargements were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine mean transverse diameters of their ventral horns in each foetal group. Results: Length of the forearm was smaller than that of the arm till third trimester when a relative spurt in growth of forearm was noticed. Conclusion: Direct correlation exhibited in growth patterns between transverse diameters of ventral horn of cervical enlargement and forelimb measurements on one hand and that of lumbar enlargement and hind limb parameters on the other hand with a spurt of growth between second and third groups of foetuses.
ABSTRACT
Background: Comparative histology not only provides information regarding tissues of different mammals but also gives insight to understand human features in the background of informations on tissue of lower mammals. Methods: Splenic tissues from five mammals i.e., human, buffalo, goat, rabbit and rat were processed for histomorphometric study on capsule, trabeculae, lymphoid follicle and central arteriole. Result: Buffalo was one mammal having highest values for all the parameters while rat having lowest. Values in human splenic tissues are in between aforementioned maximum and minimum readings. Conclusion: Teaching materials are available in histology labs from lower mammals in medical colleges might give an insight for understanding human tissues if literature on comparative histology is made available.
ABSTRACT
Background: Methotrexate is an anti-cancer drug but carries toxic effects on genital system and the study was conducted to find out the exact mechanism involved and to search for remedy. Methods: Twelve female albino rats 6 experimental and 6 control received methotrexate. [in former] and normal saline. [in latter], 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Results: H/E stained sections from ovary of experimental rat showed poorly developed Graafian follicles with loss of ova. There were follicular spaces in these rats with albuminous fluid and inflammatory cells. Granulosa lutein cells also showed degeneration due to inflammation. Cells were found to be smaller, shrunken, and irregular with vacuolated lighter colour cytoplasm. Conclusion: The drug is safer to be used in those patients who have completed their family.
ABSTRACT
Background: Methotrexate was often used for prolonged period for satisfactory therapeutic results enhancing the chance of toxicity. Methotrexate was known for its toxic effects involving most of the organs of body including testis. Attempts were made earlier to find out changes in testicular structure of methotrexate toxicity, but details of histopathological reports were not available in literature. The aim of the present study was to see the histopathological changes on testis after giving methotrexate. Materials and methods: Twelve male albino rats were divided into experimental and control groups of equal animals. Former received methotrexate, 1mg per Kg, intraperitoneally, weekly for 6 weeks. Testicular tissue after perfusion fixation, were processed for wax embedding technique and the sections thus obtained were stained with H/E stains. Result: Marked histopathological alterations in seminiferous tubules, cells in its wall undergoing spermatogenesis and Leydig cells were observed. Conclusion: In younger patients the risk of infertility should be kept in mind while using it for prolonged period.
ABSTRACT
Background: Prolonged use of methotrexate in juvenile arthritis and multisystem involvement due to its toxicity prompted us to find out detailed histo-morphometric study after exposure to drug. The concern became alarming because of reported gonadal damage due its direct effect on fertility. Methods: Methotrexate was injected in both male and female rats (1mg/kg, intraperitoneally), weekly for 6 weeks. Thin sections of testis and ovary of both control and experimental groups were stained with H/E stains for light microscopic examination. Results: Histomorphometric observations on seminiferous tubules included, external diameter, thickness of the wall and the diameter of the lumen. Such observations for ovarian tissue included diameters of ovarian follicles and their ova. Highly significant changes in both testicular and ovarian microscopic parameters confirmed the damage of tissue in experimental groups. Conclusion: The study suggests that utmost precaution should be taken while using methotrexate in younger patients.
ABSTRACT
Background: Density of bone is directly affected by mineralization, which makes visualization by ultrasonography possible to follow foetal growth from early gestation to term. Clavicle being the first bone to ossify and the only bone to transmit upper limb weight to the axial skeleton, receives special attention by the scientists. Methods: Forty-nine foetal clavicles were divided into five groups. Statistically densities of the clavicles were measured and values between groups were compared. Results: Density was constant in all the groups and both in males and females. Conclusion: It was concluded that matrix formation in clavicles keeps pace with their mineralization during 2nd and 3rd trimesters.