Content validity of a tool measuring medication errors

The objective of this study was to determine content and face validity of a tool measuring medication errors among nursing students in baccalaureate nursing education. Data was collected from the Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery [AKUSoNaM], Karachi, from March to August 2014. The tool was developed utilizing literature and the expertise of the team members, expert in different areas. The developed tool was then sent to five experts from all over Karachi for ensuring the content validity of the tool, which was measured on relevance and clarity of the questions. The Scale Content Validity Index [S-CVI] for clarity and relevance of the questions was found to be 0.94 and 0.98, respectively. The tool measuring medication errors has an excellent content validity. This tool should be used for future studies on medication errors, with different study populations such as medical students, doctors, and nurses

Morphine inhibits testosterone secretion from rat leydig cells in vitro

To study the effect of morphine on in vitro production of testicular T from un-stimulated or LH stimulated Leydig cells. Experimental study. Biological and Biomedical Sciences Department, Aga Khan University Karachi. De-capsulated testes from two rats were subjected to enzymatic dispersion for each experiment. Cells were pre-incubated in the incubation medium to remove endogenous Testosterone Thereafter, 80K cells were used for each treatment in 2001 of suspension. Incubation medium contained either no treatment [control] or different concentrations of morphine [5x10-5 -10-9 M]. Leydig cells were also incubated with different doses of LH [16-500 mIU] and morphine. Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist [10-6 M], was used to determine if morphine induced effects on the Leydig cells could be reversed. Incubations were carried out for three hours in a shaking water bath at 340C. Reaction was stopped by placing the tubes in a water bath at 600C, and thereafter the tubes were transferred to a tray containing ice before freezing. Testosterone was measured directly in the incubation medium by radioimmunoassay. Morphine reduced Testosterone production from Leydig cells at all concentrations tested [p<0.01]. There was a dose dependent response to LH stimulation by the Leydig cells and testosterone levels were significantly different from control [p<0.01] and incubation with morphine in the presence of LH significantly reduced T levels [p<0.01]. Inhibition of opioid receptors with naloxone significantly attenuated morphine induced inhibition of T [p<0.01]. These in vitro results show that the morphine inhibits T secretion directly at the testis level