ABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS), is a chronic pain disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology. In recent years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been recommended for pain relief in various chronic pain disorders. The objective of the present research was to study the effect of low frequency rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on pain status in FMS. Methods Ninety diagnosed cases of FMS were randomized into Sham-rTMS and Real-rTMS groups. Real rTMS (1 Hz/1200 pulses/8 trains/90% resting motor threshold) was delivered over the right DLPFC for 5 consecutive days/week for 4 weeks. Pain was assessed by subjective and objective methods along with oxidative stress markers. Patients were followed up for 6 months (post-rTMS;15 days, 3 months and 6 months). Results In Real-rTMS group, average pain ratings and associated symptoms showed significant improvement post rTMS. The beneficial effects of rTMS lasted up to 6 months in the follow-up phase. In Sham-rTMS group, no significant change in pain ratings was observed. Conclusion Right DLPFC rTMS can significantly reduce pain and associated symptoms of FMS probably through targeting spinal pain circuits and top-down pain modulation . Trial registration: Ref No: CTRI/2013/12/004228.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Fibromyalgia/therapy , Chronic Pain , Prefrontal Cortex , Oxidative Stress , Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory ControlABSTRACT
The plankton diversity of Tilyar Lake (Lat 76°38’ E and 28° 88’ W Long), Rohtak was monitored fortnightly from April 2009 to September 2009. During the study period 55 taxa (33 taxa of phytoplankton and 22 taxa of zooplankton) were recorded. Among phytoplankton maximum phytoplankton taxa were observed for Chlorophyceae (15) followed by Cynophyceae (14) and Bacillariophyceae were represented by 4 taxa only. Zooplankton community comprised of Protozoans (2 taxa), Rotifers (10 taxa), Brachipods (5 taxa), Copepods (4 taxa) and Ostracopods were represented by single taxa.