ABSTRACT
Background and purpose: questions remain unclear about the association of smoking status and the development of acute pancreatitis [AP]. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to explore this association
Materials and Methods: a computerized literature search was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE through October 15, 2016. We also searched the reference lists of pertinent articles. We used a rand om-effects model to calculate the summary relative risks [SRRs] and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals [CIs]
Results: a total of 8 observational studies [4 case control and 4 prospective cohort/nested case control studies] were identified. Compared with never smokers, the summary RR estimates were 1.49 [95% CI, 1.29-1.78] forever smokers, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.42-2.21] for current smokers, and 1.19 [95% CI, 1.11-1.52] for former smokers. Smoking is found to be a potential risk factor for alcohol use, idiopathic factors and drugs related AP, but not for gallstone related AP, in the ever and current smokers. A dose response effect of tobacco use on the risk was ascertained: current smokers had a 40% [95% CI, 30%-50%] increased risk of AP for every additional 10 cigarettes per day
Conclusion: the current analysis suggests that smokers have an elevated risk of AP development. Further studies, however, are warranted before definitive conclusions can be drawn
ABSTRACT
Background: Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverage consumption have been connected to cardio metabolic hazard factors, which rise the danger of cerebrovascular illness and dementia
Purpose: We studied whether sugar or artificially sweetened beverage intake was related with the prospective dangers of incident stroke or dementia
Materials and methods: We studied 361 members aged more than 45 years for incident stroke [mean age 61 [SD, 10] years; 163 men] and 185 participants aged >60 years for incident dementia [mean age 68 [SD, 7] years; 85 men]. Beverage consumption was computed using a food-frequency questionnaire at cohort studies. We quantified latest consumption at investigation 7 and cumulative intake by averaging across examinations. Surveillance for incident events commenced at examination 7 and continued for 5 years. We observed 12 cases of incident stroke [10 ischemic] and 10 cases of incident dementia [8 consistent with Alzheimer's disease]
Results: After modifications for age, gender, education [for analysis of dementia], caloric consumption, diet feature, physical activity, and smoking, higher recent and higher cumulative consumption of artificially sweetened soft drinks were related with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, all-cause dementia, and Alzheimer's disease dementia. When comparing day-to-day aggregate consumption to 0 per week [reference], the risk ratios were 2.87 [95% confidence interval, 1.24-6.89] for ischemic stroke and 2.91 [95% confidence interval, 1.15-6.99] for Alzheimer's disease. Sugar-sweetened beverages were not associated with stroke or dementia
Conclusions: Artificially sweetened soft drink consumption was allied with a higher risk of stroke and dementia