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Objective: To explore antioxidant potential, anti-cancer activity, and phytochemicals of Commelina benghalensis L. Methods: The roots of Commelina benghalensis were extracted in different solvents (methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform, n-hexane) with a range of polarity. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by reducing power assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum method, cytotoxicity by MTT assay, apoptotic and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, migratory and invasive potential by wound scratch assay and invasion assay, respectively, functional groups analysis by FT-IR spectroscopy and phytochemicals by aluminum chloride colorimetric and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Results: The extracts showed worthy antioxidant potential. The chloroform extract demonstrated the most significant cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cell line, induced apoptosis and reduced migratory and invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 cells. Methanol and ethanol extracts presented good yield of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional compounds such as alkenes, alkanes, aliphatic amines, aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acid, alcohols, ester, aldehydes and ketones. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential use of Commelina benghalensis as a good antioxidant with significant anti-cancer effect.
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The National Cancer Institute had projected breast cancer (BC) as one of the topmost prevalent malignancies around the globe. In many cases, BC becomes resistant to chemotherapy, radiation and hormonal therapies. Traditional BC therapies are associated with adverse side effects, drug resistance and recurrence. Extensive research work has shown that these dietary phytochemicals (DPs) may exert therapeutic effects by regulating the miRNA expression. A large number of DPs have been researched as miRNA regulatory agents against BC and some other DPs have not yet been tested against BC. We have discussed the effects of curcumin, diallyl disulphide, 3,3′ diindolylmethane, ellagic acid, genistein, indole-3-carbinol, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane on regulation of expression of BC miRNAs in a wide range of in vitro and in vivo models. We have also shown some of the possible DPs (Oleanolic acid, capsaicin, benzyl isothiocyanate, epigallocatechin gallate, phenethyl isothiocyanate and ursolic acid) that have shown miRNA regulatory activities and have not yet been tested against BC miRNAs. Finally, current limitations, challenges, future perspectives of DPs and BC research are also critically discussed.
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Breast cancer is a frightful disease and serious concern in women around the world causing significant health care burden in both developed and developing countries. Extensive research work has shown that breast cancer provides strong resistance to chemical agents, UV radiation, and hormonal treatments. It is generally accepted that cell genetics is not the only main reason for breast cancer and genetic risk factors, for example, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes constitute 5%-10% of all breast cancer rates. Other related factors include age, gender, race, ethnicity, weight, reproductive factors, exo- and endogenous hormonal exposures, oral contraceptives use, ultraviolet radiation, diet, and night work (circadian disruption). Many studies have revealed that dietary isoflavones regulate breast cancer occurrence, recurrence and prognosis. Dietary isoflavones have long been part of Asian population diet and there is a significant increase as compared to dietary isoflavones intake among other populations. Dietary isoflavones are natural phytoestrogens having both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic potentials on breast cancer cells in culture, animal models and in experimental trials. This literature survey provides a comprehensive overview on the tumor preventive and tumor promoting potentials of dietary isoflavones on breast cancer. In addition, this paper provides a literature review of dietary isoflavones and their effects on up-regulation and down-regulation of different signaling pathways, genes and proteins. Finally, future perspectives of dietary isoflavones and breast cancer researchers are also critically discussed, which will provide a deeper insight regarding the inner molecular mechanisms of action.
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Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) by five different fractions (extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents (gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid). Methods: All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by MTT assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses (45 and 90 plaque- forming units or PFU). Results: All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity (without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. The methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with IC
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Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) by five different fractions (extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents (gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid).Methods:All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by MTT assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses (45 and 90 plaque- forming units or PFU).Results:All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity (without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. The methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with ICConclusions:The highly potent activities of the extracts and constituent compounds of these plants against DENV-2 infectivity highlight their potential as targets for further research to identify novel antiviral agents against dengue.
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Background: Repair of complete tear achilles tenden is a challenge for orthopedic surgeons
Objective: To assess the outcome of peroneus brevis tendon transfer for augmentation of repair of the old tear of the Achilles tendon
Methodology: Study Design: Prospective case series study. Place of Study: Orthopaedic Complex, Quaid e Azam Medical College/ B. V. Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Study duration: 1st October 2013 to 30th September 2017. A total of 52 patients [42 males and 10 females], age range 38 to 52 years who underwent repair of old tear of Achilles tendon augmented by peroneus brevis tendon transfer, were included. All patients were having closed rupture. Postoperative follow up evaluation was done for a period of 12 months by using modified Rupp score. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 17
Results: 52 patients were operated of which 5 suffered minor skin complications which recovered subsequently. No patient suffered repeat tear of the repaired tendon. Subjective postoperative evaluation was done by modified Rupp score questionnaire while objective follow up evaluation was done on the basis of ankle range of movements, ability for raising over the tip toes and sensory/motor status over the foot. At 12 months follow up 25 [48%] patients has excellent, 16 [30.7%] patients has good, 7 [13.4%] patients has fair while 4 [7.10%] patients had poor functional outcome
Conclusion: The peroneus brevis tendon transfer for augmentation of repair of old tear of Achilles tendon achieved good to excellent functional outcome in majority of the patients
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Cancer is a frightful disease and represents one of the biggest health-care issues for the human race and demands a proactive strategy for cure. Plants are reservoirs for novel chemical entities and provide a promising line for research on cancer. Hitherto, being effective, chemotherapy is accompanied by certain unbearable side effects. Nevertheless, plants and plant derived products is a revolutionizing field as these are Simple, safer, eco-friendly, low-cost, fast, and less toxic as compared with conventional treatment methods. Phytochemicals are selective in their functions and acts specifically on tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Carcinogenesis is complex phenomena that involves many signaling cascades. Phytochemicals are considered suitable candidates for anticancer drug development due to their pleiotropic actions on target events with multiple manners. The research is in progress for developing potential candidates (those can block or slow down the growth of cancer cells without any side effects) from these phytochemicals. Many phytochemicals and their derived analogs have been identified as potential candidates for anticancer therapy. Effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in cancer therapies using phytomolecules with their mechanism of action on nuclear and cellular factors. Furthermore, drugs for cancer treatment and their limitations have also been discussed.
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Objective: To determine the association of metabolic syndrome with atypical antipsychotic drug [olanzapine] short term versus long term use
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Chemical pathology department Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Nov 2014 to Oct 2015
Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 240 subjects, 120 cases and 120 controls. For the purpose of the study cases were divided into four groups A, B, C and D according to the duration of drug use. Group A patients included those who the last the drug olanzapine for the last three months. Group B patients included those who were using the drug olanzapine for the last six months. Group C and D included those who were using the drug for last 1 year and more than one year [2-5 years] respectively. By employing non probability convenience sampling technique the data was collected from patients having the diagnosis of psychosis as per DSM IV modified criteria through a proforma and fasting blood samples were drawn. These samples were tested for fasting serum lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 21. For quantitative data Mean and SD were calculated. For qualitative data frequency and percentages were calculated. Qualitative data was compared using chi square test whereas quantitative data was compared using independent sample t-test
Results: There was statistically no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose between group A and B and their controls whereas in group C and D these levels were significantly high as compared to controls. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower in all four groups as compared to controls. Comparison of qualitative data which included waist circumference and blood pressure showed statistically no significant rise for group A whereas waist circumference showed insignificant rise and blood pressure showed statistically significant rise for group B. On the other hand both waist circumference and blood pressure were significantly higher for group C and D as compared to controls. Overall study revealed a graded increase in components of metabolic syndrome with duration of olanzapine use. Out of thirty patients in each group two patients in group A, 5 in group B, 7 in group C and 10 patients in group D developed metabolic syndrome as per NCEP ATP III modified criteria
Conclusion: Development of metabolic syndrome is strongly associated with long term use of atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine
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Various biological methods are being recognized for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles, which are used in several fields. The phytosynthesis of nanoparticles came out as a cost effective and enviro-friendly approach. When root bark extract of Berberis lycium was treated with silver ions, they reduced to silver nanoparticles, which were spherical, crystalline, size ranged from 10-100nm and capped by biomolecules. Synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM], Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy [EDX], Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM], X-Ray Diffraction [XRD] and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy [FTIR]. The plant mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles showed pronounced antimicrobial activities against both Gram negative bacteria [Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa] and Gram positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis]. The plant mediated process proved to be non-toxic and low cost contender as reducing agent for synthesizing stable silver nanoparticles
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Objective: To assess the need of blood for the patients undergoing caesarean section
Place and Duration of Study: This retrospective study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital [CMH]Jhelum from December 2011 to November 2012
Material and Methods: A total of 224 Caesarean sections done at CMH Jhelum from Dec 2011 to Nov 2012 having American Society of Anaesthesiology [ASA] I and ASA II were included in the study. Patients, who met the preset inclusion criteria i.e. age 20 to 40 years, ASA I / ASA II, primigraveda, previous one, two or three C- sections emergency/ electives were included in the study. Patients with deranged coagulation profile, bleeding disorders, active bleeding [placenta praevia, abruptio placentae] and patients on anticoagulants were excluded from the study. One unit of blood was arranged for patient having hemoglobin [Hb] > 10gm/dl and two units for patient having Hb less than 10gm/dl. Blood was transfused when loss was above 20%, and intravenous fluids given when loss was less than 20%
Results: Out of 224, 181 patients underwent elective C-section and 43 emergency C sections. Emergency surgery was carried out in case of failed induction, cord prolapse, previous C-section in labour and fetal distress. Total 21 patients were considered to receive blood transfusion of which 5 had Hb > 10gm/dl, 5 had Hb between 8-10 gm/dl and 11 patients had HB < 8 gm/dl. Two patients among 11who had Hb less than 8 gm/dl were not given transfusion due to non- availability of blood rest nine received blood. So in fact 19 patients were given blood transfusion
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Background: falciparum malaria is a severe health burden worldwide. Antigen presenting cells are reported to be affected by erythrocytic stage of the parasite. Malarial hemozoin [HZ], a metabolite of malaria parasite, has adjuvant properties and may play a role in the induction of immune response against the parasite
Objective: to determine the immunological impact of hemozoin on the capacity of innate immune cells maturation
Methods: plasmodium falciparum [F32 strain] was cultured in O[+] blood group up to 18% parasitemia. Natural hemozoin was extracted from infected red blood cells. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells were stimulated with 4 [micro]g/mL or 40 [micro]g/mL of synthetic hemozoin [beta-hematin] or natural hemozoin. We assessed the immunomodulatory role of synthetic or natural hemozoin in vitro by flowcytometric analysis
Results: the maturation markers MHCII, CD80 and CD86 were significantly upregulated [p<0.05] on the surface of murine bone marrow derived macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells. Data confirmed the potential of macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells, through hemozoin activation, to establish an innate immune response against malaria parasites
Conclusion: both synthetic and natural hemozoin are potent inducers of cellular immunity against malaria infection. However, natural hemozoin is a stronger inducer as compared to synthetic hemozoin
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Objectives: Assessment of liver fibrosis by shear wave elastography in a patient of chronic liver disease associated infected by hepatitis B and C. Study Design: Observational Study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Department of Radiology JPMC Karachi from January to September 2015
Methodology: All the diagnosed cases of Chronic liver disease aged between 30 to 60 years and both gender associated with hepatitis B and C were selected. Patients using lipid-lowering drugs were excluded from this study. Assessment of liver fibrosis dividing into two groups, 1[st] group patients suffering liver disease since 2 years and 2[nd] group more than 2 years on SWE Qualitative and Quantitative analysis was done and staging of fibrosis according to METAVIR SCORE was done. Shear wave elastography and scoring are F0-F1 [5.3-7.1], F>2 [7.5-8.5] Grade 1-Mild, F>3 [9.5-13] Grade 2- Moderate and F>4 [13.1-18.8] Grade 3-Severe
Results: Out of the 80 patients, the majority was found to be male. 44[55%] males and 36[45%] females. Ratio between the male and female is 1.2:1. Mean age was found to be 44.57+7.54 years. Mostly Grade 2- Moderate changes observed in liver were 15[18.75%] of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen positive patients while 14[17.5%] Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies positive patients. Followed by Grade 1-Mild changes were 12[15%] of Hepatitis B+ve patients and 7[8.75%] Hepatitis C+ve positive patients. Grade 3-Severe were 9[11.25%] of Hepatitis B+ve patients and 4[5%] Hepatitis C+ve positive [Table No 2]. 4[5%] cases observed mild changes in both positive
Conclusion: Elastography techniques is noninvasive method can provide clinicians with innovative options as potential alternatives to liver biopsy for improving the quality of care for those patients with liver diseases
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Elasticity Imaging Techniques , Liver Diseases , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis CABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the metabolic abnormalities such as hypercalciuria, low urine volume, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria and hyperuicosuria in recurrent stone formers of southern Punjab as these abnormalities vary in different populations
Study Design: Prospective study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Biochemisty, Bahauddin Zakarya University Multan and Nisthar Medical College Multan from December 2010 to January 2012
Materials and Methods: One hundred adult patients who were known idiopathic recurrent calcium oxalate renal stone formers [RCSF[S]] were selected from the various districts of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Twenty four hour urine collections were made while the subjects were on their usual diet. Samples were collected in clean polyethylene containers. Volume was measured using a graduated cylinder. Hydrochloric acid N/10 HCl [1 ml/100 ml of urine] was added to stop auto-conversion of ascorbic acid to oxalate during storage. Thymol was added as a preservative
Results: Common metabolic change found in the present work was hypercalciuria. It was found in 38 patients [38%] it was isolated in 25 cases and associated with other changes in 13 patients
Conclusion: Most of the patients were noted to have metabolic abnormalities. Hypercalciuria, low urine volume, and hypocitraturia were common metabolic defects. Hypercalciuria was the most frequent risk factor
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Phenolics are pharmaceutically important molecules. Tyrosine and tryptophan are precursors of phenolic metabolism. It was aimed to investigate the potential of exogenously introduced precursors on the phenolic contents in Trachyspermum ammi [L.] Sprague seedlings. The seeds of two local varieties [Chakwal and Desi] were grown in completely randomized design in a growth chamber at 19 +/- 2[degree]C with two amino acids [tyrosine and tryptophan] applied [priming and supplementation in rooting medium] at two treatment levels [0, and 1%]. Ten days old seedlings were harvested and subjected for growth [root and shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight] and phenolic estimation was done by HPLC method. Presence of seven phenolic acids including quercitin, chromatotropic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinnapic acid, trans 4 hydroxy 3 methoxy cinamic acid and P-courmeric acid was confirmed in both varieties with dissimilar fraction. Poor growth was observed by "Desi" under controlled conditions that were efficiently enhanced by tyrosine and tryptophan treatments. As precursors both amino acids differed for allosteric regulation of the pathway. That varied from application to application and variety to variety too for a pattern of phenolic accumulation. In conclusion, tyrosine and tryptophan application can be useful for farmers for improved growth of T. ammi and for pharmaceutical scientists to modulate metabolites of interest
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To find out the pattern of acid base abnormalities in critically ill patients in a tertiary care health Sacility. A descriptive study. The study was carried out in the department of pathology, Combined Military Hospital Kharian from January 2013 to June 2013. Two hundred and fifty patients suffering from various diseases and presenting with exacerbation of their clinical conditions were studied. These patients were hospitalized and managed in acute care units of the hospital. Arterial blood gases were analysed to detect acid base status and their correlation with their clinical condition. Concomitant analysis of electrolytes was carried out. Tests related to concurrent illnesses e.g. renal and liver function tests, cardiac enzymes and plasma glucose were assayed by routine end point and kinetic methods. Standard reference materials were used to ensure internal quantify control of analyses. Two hundred and fifteen patients out of 250 studied suffered from acid base disorders. Gender distribution showed a higher percentage of male patients and the mean age was 70.5 +/- 17.4 years. Double acid base disorders were the commonest disorders [34%] followed by metabolic acidosis [30%]. Anion gap was calculated to further stratify metabolic acidosis and cases of diabetic ketoacidosis were the commonest in this category [47%]. Other simpie acid base disorders were relatively less frequent. Delta bicarbonate was calculated to unmask the superimposition of respiratory alkalosis or acidosis with metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. Though triple acid base disorders were noted in a small percentage of cases [05%], but n7ere found to be the most complicated and challenging. Mixed acid base disorders were associated with high mortality. A large number of critically ill patients manifested acid base abnormalities over the full spectrum of these disorders. Mixed acid base disorders were commonest and were bad prognostic indicators, most often associated with high mortality. This warrants a high index of suspicion, a thorough clinical assessment of patient and a structured approach to analyze the relevant laboratory data in the given clinical setting. Only with prompt detection of an acid base disorder, clinician can formulate an appropriate management strategy for the patient
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Humans , Male , Female , Critical Illness , Tertiary Care Centers , Acid-Base EquilibriumABSTRACT
To compare the efficacy of oral iron preparation with intramuscular iron sorbitol in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children. Randomized controlled trial. Paediatric department of Combined Military Hospital Kharian, Pakistan, from October 2011 to March 2013. In total 200 anemic chldren from 6 months to 5 years of age were included. Cut off value for Hb was < 8 gm/dl. Patients were divided into two groups, each of 100, randomly. Group A received oral sodium feredetate [iron edetate] and group B received intramuscular iron sorbitol. Rise in Hb > 10 gm/dl was kept as the desired value. Maximum duration of treatment planned was 12 weeks for group A and 2 weeks for group B. Laboratory parameters such as Hb%, mean corpuscular volume [MCV], retic count and serum ferritin level were used to detect the responses in both groups at one week, two weeks, four weeks and twelve weeks of treatment. Among 200 patients, male and female distribution was 45% and 55% respectively. Desired rise in Hb in group B was achieved much earlier i.e. at two weeks as compared to group A. Progressive rise in laboratory parameters was observed but this rise was more evident in group B as compared to group A. After one week treatment in group A, rise in retic count, Hb, ferritin and MCV was 0.759 +/- 0.318, 0.814 +/- 0.387, 0.47 +/- 0.154 and 4.28 +/- 2.468 respectively. But rise in these values in group B was 2.235 +/- 0.632, 2.335 +/- 0.135, 6.31 +/- 1.123 and 12.11 +/- 0.414 respectively. Same persistent different trend was observed at 2 and 4 weeks. After 12 weeks treatment in group A, rise in retic count, Hb, ferritin and MCV was 1.044 +/- 0.222, 5.204 +/- 0.134, 17.39 +/- 2.551 and 16.61 +/- 1.214 respectively but rise in these laboratory indices in group B was 0.551 +/- 0.261, 6.097 +/- 0.21, 42.49 +/- 2.768 and 20.68 +/- 2.233 respectively. The comparison of hematological indices after 12 weeks in A and B groups show sigruficant differences. All these parameters improved in both groups but improvement in group B was drastically more prominent when compared with group A [p-value < 0.05]. Intramuscular iron sorbitol therapy is an alternative and comparatively better treatment option as compared to oral iron therapy, sodium feredetate, in regards of treatment duration and earlier rise in the laboratory indices
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Iron/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Injections, Intramuscular , ChildABSTRACT
Neonatal bacterial meningitis is a devastating illness with significant mortality and morbidity. Incidence and etiology of neonatal bacterial sepsis and meningitis varies among developed and developing countries. We are reporting a case of 6 days old neonate who presented with fever, refusal to take feed and then followed by an episode of seizure activity. Laboratory parameters for complete sepsis screening including cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and metabolic screening were absolutely normal for his age, but CSF culture revealed growth of group B Streptococcus [Streptococcus agalactiae] Patient was treated successfully without any morbid sequel
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Streptococcus agalactiae , Developing Countries , Cerebrospinal FluidABSTRACT
To evaluate teaching and learning among undergraduate dermatology trainees and also to suggest measures for improvement. Cross sectional survey. The study was conducted at department of dermatology, Pakistan Railway Hospital Rawalpindi, from July 2011 to Dec 2011. An especially designed Proforma was distributed to family physicians in different cities of Punjab and KPK.Total of 121 doctors were recruited for study and 105 Performa were analyzed, which were filled by graduates from Pakistani medical schools.The Information was collected regarding different aspects of their undergraduate dermatology training e.g. lectures, duration of dermatology rotation and assessment techniques used in examination. In the second part of the proforma, family physician's satisfaction level has been assessed regarding adequacy of training, availability of resources and clinical exposure. The responses were recorded on Likert scale 1- 5.Their proforma was analyzed using SPSS version 16. 91% of family physicians disagreed that their Undergraduate dermatology training was adequate regarding duration and content. 85% disagreed that the faculty and infrastructure for dermatology training were adequate in their teaching institution.About 90% of family physicians agreed that more time allocation, early clinical exposure, problem based learning and more question items for dermatology assessments will improve the training of undergraduates. Majority of the family physicians are dissatisfied with their undergraduate dermatology training. They suggest that more time and resources should be allocated for dermatology undergraduate training
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A fast, sensitive and extraction free spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of citalopram hydrobromide in pharmaceutical raw and tablet formulations has been proposed. The newly proposed method is based on the charge transfer reaction between citalopram as electron donor and chloranil as electron acceptor. The charge transfer complex of citalopram and chloranil shows lamda[max] at 550 nm in methanol. The experimental conditions such as reaction time, temperature, stoichiometry of the colored complex have been optimized. The developed method allows the determination of citalopram hydrobromide over a concentration range of 1-25 micro g/ ml. The proposed method is used to determine the citalopram in tablet dosage forms. The results of proposed method are compared to the official USP method. The newly developed method is accurate, reproducible and easy to perform. It does not require stringent experimental conditions. No interference has been observed for excipients and additives in tablet formulations