ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to look for the common risk factors leading to this infection in diabetics
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study design
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Kharian, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2015
Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Kharian. Through a descriptive cross sectional study design, a total of 140 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, admitted through casualty, OPD or private clinics were selected and tested for Hepatitis C virus infection. The common risk factors leading to such infection among positive cases were also scrutinized
Results: The mean age of patients was 48.82 +/- 10.14 with 60.7 percent female gender predominating the overall sample of diabetics. Using 3rd generation ELISA method, hepatitis C virus was found in 45 [32.1 percent] of patients with 41-50 years of age group most commonly affected age group [34.7 percent] and female [57.8 percent] commonly affected gender. The distribution of risk factors leading to hepatitis C virus in diabetics are: 21 [46.7 percent] had history of surgery in the past, 13 [28.9 percent] had history of blood transfusion in the past, 7 [15.55 percent] had history of hemodialysis while only 4 [8.9 percent] had history of tattooing in the past
Conclusion: Hepatitis C virus infection is still a common problem in diabetic patients of our local population and we recommend further research work over its risk factors so that the guidelines for its control may be formulated
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with idiopathic and non-idiopathic vocal cord paralysis [VCP]
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT Combined Military Hospital Quetta and Rawalpindi, from 10 Dec 2012 to 31 Dec 2015
Material and Methods: The study was a descriptive cross sectional study. The study was conducted after approval by the ethical committee. Patients with fixed vocal cords due to some growth of glottic region were enrolled. All the patients presenting with hoarseness of voice in ENT outpatient department CMH Quetta and Rawalpindi undergoing indirect laryngoscopy and the patients with vocal cord paralysis were selected. Informed written consent was taken and gender, age, name, hospital record number, address and phone number of each individual was noted. Every patient was evaluated by detailed history and thorough clinical examination. Patients were not investigated further if cause were revealed after some investigation. Follow-up of patients was done regularly in ENT OPD. CT scans/US neck was done by radiologist and FNAC/biopsy was reported by histopathologist. Data collected were recorded on proforma
Results: In our study, out of 245 cases, 47.76% [n=117] were 16-40 years old and 52.24% [n=128] were 41-80 years, mean +/- SD was calculated as 41.23 +/- 11.25 years, 45.71% [n=112] male and 54.29% [n=133] were females. Frequency of causes of vocal cord paralysis was recorded as 15.92% [n=39] for idiopathic, 46.53% [n=114] had iatrogenic, 33.06% [n=81] had malignant neoplasm while 4.49% [n=11] had radiation
Conclusion: Vocal cord paralysis is a common clinical condition with substantial morbidity. Awareness on the clinical characteristics and identification of the underlying etiology are keystones for foreseeing complications and determining the required therapeutic modality