ABSTRACT
Facial appearance is fundamental for communication and interaction with the environment. In contemporary society, there is a widespread growing interest for facial esthetics. The creation of a harmonic occlusion, within a well-functioning stomatognathic apparatus, must always consider the effect of tooth position on facial soft tissues. The objective was to evaluate the upper lip thickness in different skeletal classes of malocclusions in patients reporting to Orthodontics, Khyber college of dentistry, Peshawar. A total of 90 patients 30 from each skeletal class of malocclusion were selected for this study. Lip thickness was measured using lateral Cephalograms. The measurements were: a] the distance between point A and subnasale b] the distance between prosthion and labrale superious c] the shortest distance between the upper incisor and the attachment points of the upper and lower lip d] the distance between infradentale and the vermilion border of the lower lip e] the distance between point B and the deepest point of the labiomental crease f] gnathion and soft tissue menton. The collected data were analysed by SPSS version 17.0. Mean, frequency and standard deviation were calculated for numerical variables. One-way ANOVA test used to made comparison between the skeletal classes. The largest range was found among skeletal class I, II and III malocclusion patients were the point A to Subnasale distance and gnathion to soft tissue menton distance. The only two variables showing statistically significant difference were i] Distance between point B and deepest point of labiomental crease ii] Shortest distance between upper incisor and attachment of both lips
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Malocclusion , Malocclusion, Angle Class I , Malocclusion, Angle Class II , Malocclusion, Angle Class IIIABSTRACT
Background: Spinal anesthesia, is one of the commonly applied surgical anesthesia
Objective: This study was conducted to compare the efficiency and safety of intrathecal ropivacaine with intrathecal bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgeries
Material and methods: Study Design: Quasi - experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at. operation theatres of Combined Military Hospital Panoaqil Cantt from 1[st] December 2013 to 30[th] June 2014. Sixty patients of age between 20 to 60 years, males and females and American Society of Anaesthesiologist physical status or, planned for lower limb surgeries were included in the study. Selected patients were divided into two groups [Group A and Group B]. Group A [n = 30] received 3 ml of isobaric ropivacaine 5mg/ ml [15 mg] and Group B [n = 30] received 3 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine 5mg/ ml [15 mg]. Sensory block was tested with pinprick and motor block was evaluated with Bromage scale until full recovery. The primary end point was to compare the duration of sensory and motor block
Results: Both the groups were demographically similar. Onset of sensory block at T1 [p<0.05] and the median time of onset of sensory block at T10 [p<0.05] was statistically significantly different. The time taken to achieve maximum motor blockade [group A 9.073 +/- 1.075 min, group B 5.540 +/- 0.760 min] was delayed with group A compared to group B [p<0.05]. The mean duration of analgesia [p<0.05] and the mean duration of motor blockade [p<0.05] was less in Group A as compare to Group B. Return of Bromage to zero [p<0.05] was faster in Group A as compared to group B and was statistically significant
Conclusion: Isobaric ropivacaine 0.5% [study group A] provided lesser grade of motor blockade and shorter duration of both sensory and motor blockade, for short duration lower limb surgeries where prolonged motor blockade is quite undesirable and early mobilization can be planned