Casual attribution patterns of mainstream school students and their effect on achievement

The present study was designed to draw the comparison of the academic achievement of high and low attribution groups and to find out the effect of these causal attributions on students' subsequent academic achievement. Sample of the present study was 490 tenth grade students from Rawalpindi and Islamabad districts of Pakistan. Out of these 4990 students 260 belonged to mainstream schools and 230 came from religious schools. The design of study was causal comparative. The data was analysed by using the techniques of frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, median, quartile deviations and t-test. The conclusions of the study depicted that there was worth mentioning diversity between the academic achievement of two groups of students, that is, intrinsically motivated students with high causal attributions and extrinsically motivated students with low causal attributions, consequently confirming Weiner's attribution theory. It is concluded here that the students who experience success usually attribute their failure to external and uncontrollable factors and usually consider themselves as helpless in the face of any achievement related task

Termination of pregnancy; comparison of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol in second trimester

To compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostal with that of sublingual misoprostol in 2nd trimester of pregnancy by comparing the induction-expulsion interval between two groups of patients induced with vaginal and sublingual misoprostol. Interventional, quasi experimental study. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit 1, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Thirteen months form October 2006 to November 2007. Sixty women at 12-26 weeks of gestation which were selected for termination of pregnancy were assigned into two groups. Thirty women received sublingual misoprostol and thirty women received vaginal misoprostol. Dosage regimen was tablet Misoprostol 200 micro g 4 hours apart till expulsion of fetus [maximum 5 doses]. Main outcome measures were: 1. Induction-expulsion intervals 2. Maternal side effects 3. Fever 4. Nausea/vomiting 5. Diarrhea. Mean induction-expulsion interval in vaginal group was 11.8 +/- 8.3 hours and in the sublingual group was 12.8 +/- 8.5 hours. Percentage of complete expulsion was 53.3% in both groups. Cases of failed induction in vaginal group were 10% and in sublingual group were 13.3%. One case [3.3%] of fever and two cases [6.6%] of vomiting were observed in sublingual group and one case [3.3%] of vomiting was observed in vaginal group. Both routes appear to be equally efficacious for mid trimester pregnancy termination, without significant side effects