Failure of both azithromycin and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil / Falha da azitromicina e do antimonial no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea em Manaus, AM, Brasil

A non-randomized controlled clinical trial was carried outin order to evaluate both azithromycin and antimony efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Forty nine patients from both genders, aged 14 to 70, with cutaneous ulcers for less than three months and a positive imprint for Leishmania spp. amastigotes were recruited into two groups. Group I (26 patients) received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for 20 days and Group II (23 patients) received a daily-single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg of meglumine antimony, also for 20 days. Azithromycin cured three of 24 (12.5 percent) patients on days 60, 90 and 120 respectively whereas therapeutic failure was considered in 21 of 24 (87.5 percent) cases. In group II, antimony cured eight of 19 (42.1 percent) cases as follows: three on day 30, one each on day 60 and day 90, and three on day 120. Therapeutic failure occurred in 11 of 19 (57.9 percent) individuals. The efficacy of antimony for leishmaniasis was better than azithromycin but analysis for the intention-to-treat response rate did not show statistical difference between them. Although azithromycin was better tolerated, it showed a very low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da azitromicina no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea, foi realizado ensaio comparativo, em Manaus. Foram recrutados 49 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 14 e 70 anos que apresentassem úlceras cutâneas com menos de três meses de evolução e que tivessem exame direto positivo para amastigotas de leishmânia. Estes pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos assim: Grupo I (26) recebeu uma dose diária de 500 mg de azitromicina pela via oral durante 20 dias e o Grupo II, recebeu uma dose diária de 20 mg/kg de antimoniato de meglumina por via intramuscular, durante 20 dias. Do grupo da azitromicina, três (12,5 por cento) de 24 pacientes curaram 60, 90 e 120 dias, respectivamente, enquanto, em 21 (87,5 por cento) de 24 houve falha terapêutica. No grupo do antimonial, oito (42,5 por cento) de 19 pacientes curaram como segue: três no dia 30, um no dia 60, um no dia 90 e três no dia 120. Contudo, em 11 (57,9 por cento) de 19 casos, houve falha terapêutica. A azitromicina foi menos eficaz do que o antimonial, embora, a análise da taxa de resposta por intenção de tratamento não mostrou diferença significativa, entre eles. A azitromicina foi melhor tolerada; porém, mostrou-se pouco eficaz no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea, em Manaus.

Low efficacy of azithromycin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

An open trial to evaluate the azithromycin efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was carried out in Manaus (AM), where Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is the main etiologic agent. Forty-one patients with skin lesions of less than 12 weeks duration, without specific treatment for the last three months and a positive imprint to Leishmania sp. were included. From these, 31 (75.6 percent) were male with median age of 30.2. All of them received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for ten days. At 25th day, 16 (39 percent) presented therapeutic failure and received intramuscular pentavalent antimonial, four were considered lost, 21, that had improved or were inaltered received another ten-day series of azithromycin and were monthly followed, but nine (21.9 percent) of them presented a poor clinical response and switched to intramuscular pentavalent antimonial on day 55. Of the 12 remaining cases evaluated on day 55, despite of clinical improvement, three asked for antimony therapy and 9 (21.9 percent) continued the follow-up but, only three were cured on 55th, 85th and 115th days, and six did not come back for final evaluation. The intention-treatment overall response rate was 22 percent and whole cure was seen in three (7.3 percent) of cases. Thus, azithromycin showed a low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

Para avaliar a eficácia da azitromicina na leishmaniose cutânea, foi realizado ensaio clínico em Manaus, Amazonas, onde o agente etiológico predominante é a Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. Incluídos 41 pacientes com lesões de menos de 12 semanas, sem história de tratamento específico nos últimos três meses e com esfregaço positivo para Leishmania sp. Destes, 31 (75,6 por cento) eram masculinos, idade média 30,2 anos. Todos receberam azitromicina 500 mg em dose única oral, diária, por 10 dias. No dia 25°, 16 (39 por cento) pioraram e receberam antimonial pentavalente via intramuscular por 20 dias e, 21 (61 por cento) que apresentaram melhora da lesão ou esta permanecia inalterada no 25° dia, receberam outro ciclo de 10 dias de azitromicina e foram acompanhados mensalmente. Destes, nove (21,9 por cento) apresentaram piora das lesões na avaliação do dia 55 e iniciaram tratamento com antimonial neste dia. Dos 12 que permaneceram no estudo, porque tinham melhorado clinicamente, três optaram por tratamento com antimonial pentavalente no 55° dia e três apresentaram reepitelização completa das lesões nos dias 55°, 65° e 115°. Seis pacientes não retornaram para avaliação final. Análise por tentativa de tratamento foi 22 por cento e cura confirmada em três (7,3 por cento) casos. Estes resultados mostraram que azitromicina tem baixa eficácia para tratar leishmaniose em área onde a Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis é o agente etiológico predominante.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

This report describes the epidemiological and clinical-evolutive characteristics of eight patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A positive history of contact with rodents was present in 100 percent of the cases. The time between the onset of symptoms and hospital care was, on average, 3.6 days. All patients showed clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of HPS. Elevated urea and creatinine levels were observed in 6 (75 percent) cases, PO2 was < 60 mmHg in 100 percent of the cases, and a chest X-ray demonstrated a bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrate. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of IgM antibodies against Sin Nombre virus by ELISA. Three patients died as a direct consequence of HPS