ABSTRACT
Introduction: Liver cancer is ranked as the second most common cause of death globally as a result of its poorprognosis. It can be treated with sorafenib, but its use is limited due to its toxicity and adverse reactions. Lowerdoses of sorafenib with other complementary agents are recommended to minimize toxicity. Cardamom seeds areone of the most common ingredients of Indian and Chinese traditional medicine, and different studies havesuggested that cardamom extract can display anti-cancer activities. Aim: this study aims to investigate theefficiency of Elettaria Cardamom Extract (ECE) on enhancement of Sorafenib-induced apoptosis in HepG2.Methods: Human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) were exposed to increasing concentrations of individual andcombined treatments of Sorafenib and ECE for 24 h. The viability of cells was examined using MTT Assay.Clonogenicity and cell migration assays were carried out. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation andmitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level were determined by DCFH-DA and JC-1 dye, respectively.Agarose gel electrophoresis and comet examinations were carried out to estimate the DNA damage. Results:Combined treatment of ECE with sorafenib suppressed the proliferation, colony formation and cell migration ofHepG2 cells more than the sorafenib did alone. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), after 24h ofincubation were 15 µM of sorafenib and 9 and 7.3 µM of sorafenib enhanced by 5 and 10 µg / 100 µl of ECErespectively. HepG2 treated cells displayed biochemical features of apoptotic cell death. The combined treatmentincreased the ROS production, reduced the level of MMP, increased Comet tail length and induced DNAfragmentation more than sorafenib did alone. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that ECE enhanced thesorafenib effect in HepG2 cells and suggest that the ECE may be a promising agent for reducing sorafenib sideeffects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
ABSTRACT
Background : Juice can be considered as an important and functional ingredient in food products. Pomegranate(Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) consumption has been increased recently due to scientific evidence increase onits high content of health beneficial compounds. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the physio-chemicalproperties of fresh, clarified and commercial pomegranate juice (commercial PJ). Materials and Methods : Fourcommercially available (labeled A, B, C and D), and one homemade (Clarified) and fresh pomegranate juice wereevaluated for their physicochemical properties including total ash, pH value, titratable acidity (TA), total sugars(T.S), total soluble solids (T.S.S) and fruit percentage. Antioxidant properties such as anthocyanin, antioxidantactivity (A.A) and total phenolic compound (TPC) were examined. Results : T.S.S and T.S at (P ≤ 0.05) weresignificantly higher in clarified PJ than those of all commercials and fresh juice by 19.3% and 16.9%,respectively. The control fresh PJ recorded the highest significant content of pH value (4.17 %) and lowest contentof T.A% (6.4%) compared with commercial PJ sample B (32 %). TPC of commercial PJ samples B and C had81.99 mg GAE/ml juice and 55.57 mg GAE/ml juice, respectively. The highest percentages of A.A were shown inthe control fresh and clarified PJ sample as 84.5 % and 75.1%, respectively. Commercial PJ sample B recordedthe highest content of anthocyanin (36.24 mg /100 ml) followed by commercial PJ samples C and D. The resultsascertained that natural fresh PJ sample recorded the highest fruit percentage in juice (33.62%) followed bycommercial PJ sample B and clarified PJ. Conclusion : The clarified PJ sample had the highest contents of T.S.Sand total sugars than the control fresh PJ and all commercial PJ sample. Also, it was established that the controlfresh PJ sample had a high antioxidant activity, fruit percentage and pH value, and low acidity. The commercialPJ sample B also contained a high percentage of total phenolic compounds and high percentage of totalanthocyanin.