ABSTRACT
Introduction: Oral health is an important factor in maintainingsound psychological and physical health. Periodontaldiseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are infectionsthat if left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. The main causeof periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, the initiation andprogression of gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of thisstudy was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness regardingperiodontal disease among medical students.Material and methods: The present cross-sectional studywas carried out among the MBBS students to evaluatethe knowledge regarding periodontal disease. All theundergraduate students studying in the college were eligibleto participate in the study. 300 students of first, second andthird professional enrolled in MBBS program were selectedfor the study. The students who had attended lectures ofDentistry or exposed to clinical practice were excluded thestudy and questionnaires were distributed the students. Theself-administered questionnaire was used to assess the studyparticipant's personal data and level of knowledge on issuesrelating to periodontal diseases. The data were collected andanalyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciencesversion 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Statistical significance was based on P < 0.05.Results: In the present study total students were 270. 37.66%students think vertical brushing technique is better for goodoral health. 31.66% students think vitamin C deficiency is themost common cause for bleeding gums. 72.66% students thinkpoor oral hygiene is the most common cause for bad breath.68.33% students think coffee or tea causes staining of teeth.61.66% students think bad oral hygiene affects your generalhealth. 65.66% students think improper tooth brushing is themost common cause for receding gums. In 86.66% studentsno family member lost more than 6 teeth at young age of <35years.Conclusion: The students showed reasonable knowledgeregarding periodontal health. But, also there is need tostrengthen the diagnostics for early detection of periodontaldisease in young adults.
ABSTRACT
Background:Hypertension is one of the common disorders during pregnancy and can cause severe health complications for both mother and developing fetus. Pre-eclampsia(PE) is a form of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. This study was aimed to estimate serum uric acid and homocysteine level as a potential biomarker for prediction of preeclampsia. Methods:85 pre-eclamptic pregnant women and 50 normotensive pregnant women were recruited from department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Star Hospital after obtaining the informed written consent. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum homocysteine and serum uric acid level.Results:Serum uric acid and homocysteine levels were found to be significantly higher in pre-eclamptic cases than in controls (6.5±0.7 mg/dl and 13.5±5.4 μmol/l in cases versus 4.3±0.8 mg/dl and 10.1±4.6 μmol/l in healthy controls). Maximum sensitivity and specificity of serum uric acid was obtained at a cut-off of 5.5 mg/dl (sensitivity-91% and Specificity-88%) and serum homocysteine at 10.7 μmol/l (sensitivity-67% and specificity-64%) respectively.Conclusions:At optimum cut off value serum uric acid showed highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. Thus, serum uric acid level is better predictive marker compared to serum homocysteine level for pre-eclampsia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Delay in TB diagnosis and treatment is associated with increased transmission, morbidity and mortality. Patient and provider factors are responsible for such delays. We conducted a study to estimate these delays and identify associated factors among new sputum positive (NSP) TB patients in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh. Methods: We interviewed 234 NSP patients to collect information on their health seeking behaviour. We conducted univariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with longer delays. Results: Median patient, health system and total delay were 15, 13 and 36 days respectively. Significant factors associated with total delay included patients’ knowledge about TB, seeking care from non-specialized individuals as the first action, consulting >2 health facilities before diagnosis and consulting private health facilities. Patients with low family income and those who had high expenditure on consultations before initial diagnosis were associated with patient and health system delay respectively. Conclusion: It is necessary to increase community awareness about TB symptoms and availability of free treatment at public health facilities. Educating private physicians about the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion of tuberculosis and sensitizing drug-store owners to refer the chest symptomatics to government health facilities would also help in reducing these delays.