Avaliação da viabilidade de utilização de colifagos como indicadores de poluição fecal: suas relações com parâmetros físicos e químicos e indicadores bacterianos / Evaluation of the viability of using coliphages as indicators of fecal pollution: relations with physical and chemical parameters and bacterial indicators

RESUMO As bactérias coliformes, correntemente utilizadas como indicadores de contaminação fecal, não asseguram a inexistência de outros microrganismos patogênicos em águas, principalmente vírus entéricos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de colifagos como indicadores virais no efluente de estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETE), pois sua análise apresenta um método mais simplificado quando comparado aos procedimentos para identificação de vírus entéricos. O comportamento de colifagos nas diferentes estações climáticas durante o período de um ano foi verificado no efluente final da ETE, apresentando-se em maior quantidade nos períodos secos. Não foi verificada relação significativa entre colifagos e coliformes, bem como com as variáveis demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5), turbidez e sólidos totais. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam a necessidade do monitoramento conjunto de vírus e bactérias, a fim de garantir adequada avaliação da qualidade do esgoto tratado.

ABSTRACT Coliform bacteria, currently used as fecal indicator, does not ensure the absence of other pathogenic microorganisms in water, mainly enteric viruses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of using coliphages as viral indicators in the effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) due to the fact that Coliphages determination involves a simplified methodology. The seasonal pattern of coliphages was measured in the final effluent of a domestic WWTP, which occurred in higher values, mainly during dry seasons periods. This behavior was similar with the described by the authors in relation to enteric viruses in water. Significant relationship was not found among coliphages and coliforms, as well as with the physical and chemical parameters analyzed. The need for joint monitoring of viruses and bacteria is emphasized, in order to ensure the proper quality of treated water.

Genotoxicity biomonitoring of sewage in two municipal wastewater treatment plants using the Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea bioassay

The genotoxicity of untreated and treated sewage from two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WTP BN and WTP SJN) in the municipality of Porto Alegre, in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, was evaluated over a one-year period using the Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea (Trad-MCN) bioassay. Inflorescences of T. pallida var. purpurea were exposed to sewage samples in February (summer), April (autumn), July (winter) and October (spring) 2009, and the micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were estimated in each period. The high genotoxicity of untreated sewage from WTP BN in February and April was not observed in treated sewage, indicating the efficiency of treatment at this WTP. However, untreated and treated sewage samples from WTP SJN had high MCN frequencies, except in October, when rainfall may have been responsible for reducing these frequencies at both WTPs. Physicochemical analyses of sewage from both WTPs indicated elevated concentrations of organic matter that were higher at WTP SJN than at WTP BN. Chromium was detected in untreated and treated sewage from WTP SJN, but not in treated sewage from WTP BN. Lead was found in all untreated sewage samples from WTP SJN, but only in the summer and autumn at WTP BN. These results indicate that the short-term Trad-MCN genotoxicity assay may be useful for regular monitoring of municipal WTPs.