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The concept ofpoint and the understanding of modern acupoint research onpoints were analyzed. According to the bowstring mechanics anatomy of needle-knife medicine and mesh theory, it was believedpoint was the warning of mechanical imbalance of bowstring mechanics anatomy.points were mainly distributed in the joint part of bowstring or stress concentration of string; the acupotomy could compensate for the subjectivity and arbitrariness of point selection of, which also emphasized the importance ofpoint anatomy.
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Objective To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in the different prognosis of patients with severe sepsis and its relation with endotoxin-tolerant.Methods Thirty-five patients with severe sepsis (severe sepsis group) and 15 healthy volunteers (control group),respectively stayed in ICU 24 h and physical examination in the day measured TLR4 expression of PBMC by flow cytometry and measured the serum of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay.Simultaneous separation of peripheral blood of PBMC,addition of 40 μ g/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cultured for 24 h,and TLR4 expression of PBMC was measured in the same manner and the culture supernatant of TNF-α and IL-10.Results Thirty-five patients with severe sepsis survivor 25 cases (survivor group) and death 10 cases (death group),28 d death rate was 28.6％ (10/35).The TLR4 expression of PBMC in severe sepsis group was significantly lower than that in control group [(11.09 ± 8.90) MFI vs.(33.72 ± 12.59) MFI,P ＜ 0.01],the serum TNF-α and IL-10 in severe sepsis group were significantly higher than those in control group [(96.66 ± 45.33) ng/L vs.(2.53 ± 1.21) ng/L,(149.79 ± 67.15) ng/L vs.(34.56 ± 19.08) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01].There was no significant difference in TLR4 expression of PBMC between survivor group and death group (P ＞ 0.05).The TLR4 expression of PBMC in control group after LPS stimulation was significantly higher than that before LPS stimulation [(50.22 ± 19.23) MFI vs.(33.72 ± 12.59) MFI,P ＜ 0.05],survivor group and death group after LPS stimulation were significantly lower than those before LPS stimulation [(4.55 ± 2.30) MFI vs.(11.21 ±7.92) M FI and (5.46 ± 3.44) M FI vs.(10.15 ± 9.70) MFI,P ＜ 0.01].The culture supernatant of TNF-α,IL-10 in survivor group and death group were significantly lower than those in control group [(22.34 ± 8.27)and (19.49 ±5.35) ng/L vs.(88.70 ±34.21) ng/L,(54.29 ±32.89) and (98.04 ±40.26) ng/L vs.(146.56 ± 52.18) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01],but the culture supernatant of IL-10 in death group was significantly higher than that in survivor group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Different prognosis of patients with severe sepsis have endotoxin tolerance and different inflammatory cytokine secretion abifity.
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Objective To study the mechanism of paraquart-induced renal injury in rats,the expression of heine oxygenase-2(HO-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).Methods 84 adult healthy Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats (female and male in half) were randomly divided into two groups,the control group (group A,n=42) and the paraquart group (group B,n=42).The rats in group B were treated with paraquart (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally,the rats in group A were treated with the same dose of normal saline.Its histopathological change,the expression of HO-1,iNOS and evaluate the mRNA expression of HO-1 were observed.Results ①In group A,the tissue structure was clear without abnormal.In group B,there were obvious lesions in the renal tubule of cortical part,including cellular swelling,the canula narrow,the mesenchymal congestion and edema.These pathologic changes gradually reached the peak on the 1st day,and did not relieved till the end ofthis study.②In group A,there was no or weak expression of iNOS.At the 3rd hour,the expressions of iNOS in group B were observed in the kytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cell and glomemlar endothelial cell of cortical part.It reached the peak on the 1st day and continued at a high level after that.③ In group A,there was no or weak expression of HO-1 and HO-1 mRNA.At the 3rd hour,the expressions of HO-1 in group B were observed in the membrane and kytoplasm of renal tubular epithehal cell of cortical part,immunohistochemistry score(IHS) was higher,the expression of HO-1 mRNA increased,there was a statistical significance between group B and group A(P<0.05).It reached the peak on the 1st day,and then decreased,there were 110 statistical difference between group B and group A on the 5th day(P>0.05).Conclusions HO-1 and iNOS ale involved in the procedures of renal injury,but its mode of action and regulating path still need further study.
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BACKGROUND: The application of deacetylated chitin (chitosan, DC) prepared by traditional technique was limited because of its lower degree of deacetylation, impurity and relative lower molecular mass.OBJECTIVE: To improve the traditional technique for extraction and preparation of DC from the rustae f oratosquila oratoria.DESIGN: Contrasting observation.SETTING: Shandong Institute of Biopharmaceutics.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Shandong Key Laboratory for iopharmaceutics, Shandong Institute of Biopharmaceutics from February 2003 to January 2004. Experimental nstrument: Mettler AE240 electronic analytical balance and ZK-40AB electrothermal vacuum drying oven were rovided by Mettler-Toledo Instruments Co., Ltd. And ShangHai Shuli Instruments Co.,Ltd., respectively. Xperimental materials: oratosquila oratoria was purchased from Jinan aquatic products market.METHODS: ①C as traditionally prepared from chitin by decoloring with strong oxidant and deacetylating with concentrated alkaline liquor under high temperature. Chitin was extracted from crustae of shrimp and crab fter decalcification with diluted acid and deproteinization with diluted base. ②The improved preparation echnique: The crustae of oratosquila oratoria was decalcificated and decolorized with diluted acid, and as deproteinized and decolorized with diluted base at room temperature, and then the chitin was obtained fter the second decalcification and decolorization with diluted acid. The crude DC was obtained from hitin after deacetylation and decolorization with concentrated ase at 55-65 ℃. The crude DC was issolved n diluted acid and filtered. The filtrate was collected, precipitated with dilute base. After filtering, he sediments were retained, washed with water and dried. Then pure DC was obtained.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: he comparison between improved technique and traditional technique; Color, dissolvability in diluted cid, ield, degree of deacetylation and dynamic viscosity of DC prepared by different techniques.RESULTS: ①echnique comparison: Compared with traditional technique, the reaction of improved preparation technique as milder, and the deproteinization was at room temperature; it did not need an isolated decolorization;deacetylation was at low temperature, and had a refine process. ②Detection indexes of DC: he yield of DC prepared by improved technique was little lower than that by traditional technique (15%, 7% respectively). The degree of deacetylation and dynamic viscosity were both higher than those by raditional technique (＞ 95%,＜ 70%; ＞ 120mPa·s,＜ 80 mPa·s , respectively). The color was white or lmost white, which was better than that by traditional technique (yellow or gray). The DC could ompletely issolve in dilute acid, and the dissolvability was better than that by traditional technique (dissolved artly in dilute acid).CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional technique, the improved technique was mpler and the reaction conditions were milder. And also the quality of obtained DC was obviously improved.
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Pleurodesis was pioneered by Spengler in 1906. It was initially used for treating recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, and then extended to treatment of refractory pneumothorax, malignant pleural effusion and benign hydrothorax. The current trend is that the use of fibroptic bronchoscopy is getting more and more popular than that of thoracoscopy in the practice of internal medicine, and that the application of surgical symphysis and video-assisted thoracoscopy are getting more and more frequently and extensively in surgery. It is envisioned that this trend will continue in the 1st half of 21st century.
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The contents of trace elements,amino acids and proteins in Asterias rollestoni shell were determined in this study. The result showed that a large of contents of inorganic elements - Ca, Mg, P, Cs, Sr., and essential - Zn, Sn, Mn, Fe, Ge, Cu trace elements were contained in Asterias rollestoni shell. Moreover,amino acids 17. 02%,proteins 19. 6% were analysed with Asterias rollestoni shell in our experimentation.
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Being linked to experimental research and manufacture practice, the preparation methods of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils were reviewed in this article.
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w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) , are essential components for the development of human brain. A fish oil product enriched with DHA (51. 65%) was used to conduct a preliminary memory study with rats employing the active avoidance test. Three doses of DHA, 1. 0 g/kg, 200 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, were administered orally to the rats twice daily for 20 days. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the effects on memory ability and DHA adiministration, and the effects were dose responsive. The results also showed that DHA, at 200 mg/kg, could antagonize dysmnesia caused by scopolamine and had hypermnesia effect.