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ObjectiveTo discriminate the age of Arisaema Cum Bile， the combination of headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was applied to explore the differences of volatile components of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented Arisaema Cum Bile. MethodSamples with different fermentation durations were collected and HS-SPME-GC-MS technology was employed to detect the volatile components of each sample. The relative contents of detected volatile components were processed and analyzed by chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA）， and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）. ResultThe results showed that 145 volatile components were identified. Among these volatile components， the relative contents of heterocyclic， alcohols， aldehydes and aromatics were high. PCA， HCA， and PLS-DA can effectively separate Arisaema Cum Bile with four different ages. Based on variable importance in projection （VIP） value > 1， 73 markers of differential volatile components were identified. The content of 2，6，11-trimethyldodecane and m-xylene in unfermented samples was the highest， and the content difference between them and those in fermented samples was significant （P<0.05）. 2，3-butanediol was detected only in 1-year samples， octane was detected only in 2-year samples， and ethyl heptanoate was detected only in 3-year samples. These components can be used as odor markers for Arisaema Cum Bile with different fermentation years. ConclusionThe identification method of volatile components of Arisaema Cum Bile was established by HS-SPME-GC-MS technology， which can realize the rapid identification of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented samples， and provide a scientific basis for the standardization of processing technology and quality standards of Arisaema Cum Bile.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the community structure of endophytes in Panax quinquefolium root and explore the dominant endophytic bacteria and fungi， to provide scientific basis for the establishment of endophytic microbial bank in P. quinquefolium root. MethodInternal Transcribed Spacer （ITS） sequencing and 16S sequencing were performed on six P. quinquefolium root samples collected from Wendeng， Shandong province on PacBio Sequel Ⅱ. ResultA total of 8 phyla， 11 classes， 23 orders， 27 families and 53 genera of endophytic bacteria were identified in P. quinquefolium root， among which an unidentified Burkholderiaceae and an unidentified Rhizobiaceae were dominant. A total of 9 phyla， 23 classes， 35 orders， 43 families and 48 genera of endophytic fungi were identified in P. quinquefolium root， among which an unclassified Helotiales and Pseudogymnoascus were dominant. The community structure of endophytic bacteria revealed that the roots were selectively enriched with nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as unidentified Rhizobiaceae， Bradyrhizobium and Herbaspirillum， which suggested that nitrogen is important for the growth of P. quinquefolium root. The community structure of endophytic fungi indicated that P. quinquefolium in Shandong province might be infected by unclassified Helotiales. ConclusionThere is a rich diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi in P. quinquefolium root， which provides scientific basis for studying the interaction of the plant with endophytic microorganisms and screening the endophytes to promote the growth of P. quinquefolium root.
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Objective To use real-time three-dimensional echocardiography(RT-3DE) to compare the cardiac function related indicators between before operation and at postoperative 2 months in the patients with left ventricular aneurysm(LVA) undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),and to assess the PCI short term effect.Methods RT-3DE was applied to observe the left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),end systolic volume(LVESV),cardiac output(CO),end-diastolic volume index(EDVI),end systolic volume index (ESVI),cardiac index (CI),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular spherical index(SPI) before operation and at postoperative 2 months in 31 cases of acute anterior myocardial infarction(AAMI) complicating LVA.The patients were divided into the functional LVA group(A),anatomical LVA group (B) and complicating thrombus LVA group(C).The cardiac function parameters in various groups conducted the intra-group and inter group comparisons.Results Compared with before operation,LVEF at postoperative 2 months in the group A was increased and SPI was decreased(P＜0.05);CO,CI and LVEF before operation and at postoperative 2 months in the group B were increased and SPI was decreased(P＜0.05);SPI at postoperative 2 months in the group C was decreased(P＜0.05);EF and SPI before operation and at postoperative 2 months had no statistical difference among 3 groups(P＞0.05).SPI before operation and at postoperative 2 months was negatively correlated with LVEF and positively correlated with EDV,ESV,EDVI,ESVI,CO and CI.Conclusion The left ventricular morphology and overall systolic function at 2 months after PCI in the patients with functional and anatomical LVA are improved,but the curative effect in the patients with complicating thrombus LVA is unobvious.
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Objective To investigate the right ventricular morphology and function of patients with atrial septal defects by single beat real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.Methods Thirty-four healthy volunteers and twenty-seven ASD patients were enrolled consecutively as normal controls and the ASD group respectively.Single cardiac cycle real-time three dimensional echocardiography was performed in all to evaluate parameters concerning modality and systolic function of participants' right ventricle.The relationship of indexed right ventricular end diastolic volume (IEDVRV) and end systolic volume(IESVRV)with mean pulmonary arterial pressure measured through cardiac catheter and systolic pulmonary artery pressure calculated though the three tricuspid regurgitation were observed.Results Indexed right ventricular end diastolic volume (IEDVRv),end systolic volume(IESVRV),right ventricular stroke volume (ISVRV) and right ventrieular ejection fraction (RVEF) were greater in the ASD group than in controls (P ＜ 0.05).IEDVRv and IESVRV had positive relation with pulmonary pressure measured by cardiac catheter and systolic pulmonary artery pressure calculated though the three tricuspid regurgitation.Conclusions Single cardiac cycle real-time three dimensional echocardiography has an obvious advantage than normal test in evaluating the change of the right ventricular function and shapes,furthermore,single cardiac cycle real-time three dimensional echocardiography can indirectly determined the pressure of the pulmonary without wound.