Application of immune repertoire sequencing in solid organ transplantation / 器官移植

Immune repertoire is defined as the sum of T cells and B cells, which possesses high diversity and enables immune system to respond to various antigen stimuli. With the development of sequencing technique, immune repertoire sequencing can be utilized to deeply understand the changes of lymphocyte clones when rejection occurs at the gene level, and also provide the possibility for the emergence of novel non-invasive diagnostic techniques based on immune repertoire sequencing. In recent years, more and more attempts have been made to apply immune repertoire sequencing in solid organ transplantation, especially in the fields of kidney transplantation, liver transplantation, heart transplantation and post-transplantation infection. In this article, research progresses on the application of immune repertoire sequencing in these fields were reviewed, and current status of immune repertoire sequencing in organ transplantation and its potential as a novel technique for early non-invasive diagnosis of rejection were summarized, aiming to provide reference for subsequent development and clinical application of this technique.

Interventional effect and mechanism of 1，8-cineole on pancreatic β cell ferroptosis induced by type 2 diabetes / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the interventional effect and mechanism of 1，8-cineole on pancreatic β cell ferroptosis induced by type 2 diabetes. METHODS In vitro ferroptosis model was established in pancreatic β cells of mice by using high glucose. The effects of low-dose and high-dose 1，8-cineole （0.25， 0.5 μmol/L） on the level of Fe2+ in pancreatic β cells were investigated. The effects of 1，8-cineole （0.5 μmol/L） combined with ferroptosis inducer Erastin （20 μmol/L） and ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 （20 μmol/L） on the protein expressions of glutathione peroxidase-4 （GPX4） and cyclooxygenase-2 （COX2） were also detected. The type 2 diabetes model mice were established by feeding high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The effects of low-dose and high-dose 1，8-cineole （50， 200 mg/kg） on the pathological morphology of pancreatic tissue， the content of iron as well as the protein expressions of GPX4 and COX2 were investigated. RESULTS The results of the cell experiment showed that compared with the model group， pretreatment with 1，8-cineole significantly reduced intracellular Fe2+ levels and upregulated GPX4 protein expression， while downregulated COX2 protein expression in pancreatic β cells （P＜0.05）. After combining with Ferrostatin-1， the expression trends of the above two proteins were the same， while there was no statistically significant difference after combining with Erastin. The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the model group， after intervention with 1，8-cineole， the structure of the pancreatic islets in mice recovered intact and their morphology improved； the iron content of pancreatic tissue and protein expression of COX2 were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）， while protein expression of GPX4 was increased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS 1，8-cineole could ameliorate pancreatic β cell injury induced by diabetes， the mechanism of which may be related to reducing intracellular iron deposition and regulating ferroptosis-related proteins.

Efficacy and safety of salbutamol in treatment of children with later-onset spinal muscular atrophy / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of salbutamol in the treatment of children with later-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).@*METHODS@#This study is a prospective single-arm phase Ⅲ clinical study. Pediatric patients with SMA type Ⅱ and Ⅲ who visited Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from December 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled. All patients were evaluated with motor function scales, pulmonary function test and drug safety before study. Patients were treated with salbutamol tablets orally, with an initial dose of 1 mg (tid). If tolerable, the dose was increased to 1.5 mg (tid) in the second week, then increased to 2 mg (tid) from the third week and maintained for 6 months. Patients were followed up at 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-six patients were enrolled, including 10 boys and 16 girls. There were 16 cases of SMA type Ⅱ and 10 cases of type Ⅲ with age at treatment initiation of 5.67 (3.13, 7.02) years and disease duration of 2.54 (1.31, 4.71) years. The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE) scores were increased from 14.0 (6.5, 43.0) before treatment to 26.0 (15.0, 46.5) after treatment (Z=－4.144, P<0.01) in 25 cases. The Revised Upper Limb Module Scale scores were increased from 33.0 (25.5, 36.0) before treatment to 35.0 (31.0, 36.5) after treatment (Z=－2.214, P<0.05) in 9 cases. In 7 ambulant children with SMA type Ⅲ, the six minutes walking distance was increased by 30 (15, 52) m after a 6-month treatment (Z=－2.366, P<0.05). Compared with the baseline pulmonary functions the patients showed a significant increase in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in 15 cases after treatment (all P<0.05). According to patients and caregivers subjective reporting, there were various degrees of improvement in coughing, sputum production ability and exercise endurance. No serious adverse events were observed during the study.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Short-term oral administration of salbutamol may improve motor and pulmonary functions in later-onset SMA children with good safety.

Evaluation of the intervention effect of conventional and peer AIDS voluntary counseling and testing services among young students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the influence of two voluntary counseling and testing(VCT) services on young students acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) related knowledge and behaviour, so as to provide a new idea for further improvement and promotion of VCT services.@*Methods@#From April 2017 to December 2018, the sample size,selected from 12 patrol and fixed monitoring sites in colleges in Guangzhou, was calculated by non inferiority trial, and the students who received services at the same period were 1∶1 matched. A total of 113 students received conventional VCT and 186 recerived peer VCT services. The Chi square test was used to analyse the difference of AIDS related knowledge and behavior before and after intervention, and a survey was conducted on satisfaction.@*Results@#After young students received conventional VCT services, the overall awareness rate of AIDS basic knowledge increased from 80.53% to 93.75%, and the frequency of condom use every time during heterosexual sexual activity in the past year increased by 29.17 percentage points ( χ 2=4.49,4.10, P <0.05). After young students received peer VCT services, the awareness rate of the Four Frees and One Care Policy increased from 34.95% to 58.26%, the rates of homosexual anal sex and more than or equal to 2 sexual partners in the past half a year decreased by 14.84 and 29.43 percentage points, respectively( χ 2=15.69, 4.82, 10.97, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#After young students receive two modes of VCT services respectively, the AIDS related knowledge and behavior have been improved, and the influence of the two VCT services has different advantages. The combination of conventional VCT and peer education might be a more effective way of AIDS intervention.

Exploration and practice of TEST teaching mode for general practice residency training in the community teaching base / 中华全科医师杂志

From November 2020 to November 2021, the TEST(Task-Experience- Supervise-Thinking) teaching model was adopted for general practice residency training in teaching clinic of Changfeng Health Service Center of Shanghai Putuo district. The satisfaction of mentors, residents and patients was surveyed with self-assessment questionnaire. The satisfaction scores of mentors, residents and patients were (79.89±0.40), (79.96±0.19) and (49.92±0.40). The adaption of model TEST in teaching clinic is more effective in training of clinical competency, communication ability, management ability and narrative ability for general practice residents. It is also beneficial for mentors to upgrade their teaching ability, as well as for patients to improve their experience and satisfaction for seeking medical service. It is worth popularizing in the community practice base of general resident training.

Imaging analysis and clinical follow-up of Ewing sarcoma of bone / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze and summarize the imaging characteristics and clinical follow-up results of Ewing sarcoma of bone.Methods:The imaging data of 23 patients with Ewing sarcoma confirmed by pathology who treatment in Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine from May 2010 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and clinical follow-up was performed.Results:Of the 23 patients with Ewing sarcoma of the bone in this group, a total of 18 patients had follow-up results and 5 cases were lost to follow-up. Of the 18 cases, 6 cases died and 12 cases survived. The main cause of death was lung metastasis. There were 27 lesions in total, femoral diaphysis was the most common site of the disease; bone structure destruction and soft tissue mass shadows could be seen in the images of each lesion. Periosteal reaction could be seen in most of the lesions (92.59%, 25/27). There were certain differences in signs of bone destruction and periosteal reaction between different bone types.Conclusions:The imaging of Ewing sarcoma of bone mainly manifests various types of bone destruction, soft tissue masses and periosteal reactions. Ewing sarcoma of bone is mainly bone marrow metastasis and lung metastasis, and lung metastasis is the main cause of death.

Development and evaluation of a mortality risk prediction model for severe bacterial infections in children / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To establish a mortality risk prediction model of severe bacterial infection in children and compare it with the pediatric early warning score (PEWS), pediatric critical illness score (PCIS) and pediatric risk of mortality score Ⅲ (PRISM Ⅲ).Methods:A total of 178 critically ill children were selected from the PICU of the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2017 to June 2022. After obtaining the informed consent of the parents/guardians, basic information such as sex, age, height and weight, as well as indicators such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate were collected from all children. A standard questionnaire was used to score the child 24 h after admission to the PICU. The children were divided into the survival and death groups according to their survival status at 28 d after admission. A mortality risk prediction model was constructed and nomogram was drawn. The value of the mortality risk prediction model, PEWS, PCIS and PRISM in predicting the risk of death was assessed and compared using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC).Results:Among the 178 critically ill children, 11 cases were excluded due to severe data deficiencies and hospitalization not exceeding 24 h. A total of 167 children were included in the analysis, including 134 in the survival group and 33 in the death group. A mortality risk prediction model for children with severe bacterial infection was constructed using pupillary changes, state of consciousness, skin color, mechanical ventilation, total cholesterol and prothrombin time. ROC curve analysis showed that the AUCs of mortality risk prediction model was 0.888 ( P<0.05). The AUCs of PEWS, PCIS and PRISM Ⅲ in predicting death in children with severe bacterial infection were 0.769 ( P< 0.05), 0.575 ( P< 0.05) and 0.759 ( P< 0.05), respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed the best agreement between risk of death and PEWS predicted morbidity and mortality and actual morbidity and mortality (χ 2 = 5.180, P = 0.738; χ 2 = 4.939, P = 0.764), and the PCIS and PRISM Ⅲ predicted mortality rates fitted reasonably well with actual mortality rates (χ 2= 9.110, P= 0333; χ 2 = 8.943, P= 0.347). Conclusions:The mortality risk prediction model for predicting the death risk has better prognostic value than PEWS, PCIS and PRISM Ⅲ for children with severe bacterial infection.

Study of glycine solution in preparation of frozen thawed deglycerolized erythrocytes / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To study the protective effect of glycine solution on frozen red blood cell thawing process. 【Methods】 A total of 20 bags of 1 U of leukocytes reduced suspended red blood cells within 6 days were selected for the study. After mixing, each 2 bags of suspended red blood cells were divided into 2 bags and into two groups with 10 bags of 1 U in each group, and were frozen for storage. One group was deglycerolized with sodium chloride solution (control group), and one group was deglycerolized with glycine solution (experimental group). The hemoglobin, free hemoglobin, residual glycerol, total glycerol in red blood cells, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) were detected in the two groups. 【Results】 Compared with the free hemoglobin content (0.90±0.05)g/L and residual glycerol content (1.17± 0.08)g/L in the control group, the final product red blood cell supernatant free hemoglobin content (0.77±0.15)g/L and residual glycerol content (0.79±0.33)g/L in the experimental group were decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Compared with the ATP content (4.03±0.38)µmol/gHb and 2,3-DPG content (485.65±78.08)µg/L in the control group, the ATP content (4.41±0.35)µmol/gHb and 2,3-DPG content (656.28±116.68)µ g/L in the experimental group were significantly increased, with statistical significance (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Using glycine solution instead of sodium chloride solution to prepare frozen thawed deglycerolized erythrocytes achieved the effect of protecting erythrocytes, reduced the hemolysis rate of erythrocytes and glycerin residue, and increased the recovery rate of erythrocytes.

SARS-CoV-2 total antibody detection results in blood donors from Shenzhen during different periods of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the SARS-CoV-2 detection results among blood donors in different periods of COVID-19 pandemic control in Shenzhen and assess the antibody levels and infection status of blood donors in different periods, so as to provide reference for subsequent blood testing strategies. 【Methods】 A total of 4 768 plasma samples of blood donors were subjected to pooled testing by nucleic acid testing(NAT) with 8 samples per pool. Additionally, these samples were subjected to a 1000-fold dilution, and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The 4 768 plasma samples were collected from blood donors at different time points in Shenzhen, with inquiries made to determine whether donors during the COVID-19 pandemic were in the convalescence. The antibody positive rates in blood screening samples during different periods of the pandemic and samples from individuals in the convalescence of COVID-19 infection were analyzed. Furthermore, the antibody levels were examined for differences based on gender, age, and blood type. 【Results】 All 4 768 plasma samples from blood donors were negative by NAT, while 2 342 samples were detected positive by the SARS-CoV-2 total antibody detection, with a positive rate of 49.1%. These samples from four periods (September 30 to October 3, 2022; November 3 to 6, 2022; December 27 to 31, 2022; January 6 to 18, 2023) were subjected to a 1 000-fold dilution for COVID-19 antibody detection, and the positive rates were 21.3%, 15.8%, 65.9%, and 93.9%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The prevalence of COVID-19 antibodies among blood donors in Shenzhen during different periods of the pandemic varied significantly. There was no difference in antibody prevalence among different genders and blood types, while younger individuals exhibited a higher prevalence of antibodies. The risk of COVID-19 transmission through blood transfusion was found to be extremely low.

Mediating role of innovation self-efficacy in the relationship between sense of organizational fairness and innovation behavior in nurses / 中国职业医学

Objective To study the relationship among the sense of organizational fairness, innovative self-efficacy (ISE) and innovative behavior in nurses. Methods A total of 392 nurses from a grade A tertiary hospital were selected as the research subjects using convenience sampling method. The Organizational Fairness Scale, Innovation Self-efficacy Scale, and Innovation Behavior Scale were used to evaluate the sense of organizational fairness, ISE, and innovation behavior, respectively. The mediate equation model was constructed, and Bootstrap analysis was applied for validation. Results The scores for organizational fairness, ISE, and innovative behavior among the nurses were (67.8±15.2), (23.9±3.5), and (30.5±6.7) points, respectively. Organizational fairness score was positively correlated with both innovative behavior and ISE scores ［correlation coefficients (r) were 0.38 and 0.36, respectively, both P<0.01］. ISE score was positively correlated with innovative behavior total score (r=0.51, P<0.01). The results of the mediation analysis indicated that the total effect of organizational fairness on innovation behavior was 0.34 (P<0.01),with a direct effect of 0.17 (P<0.01). ISE plays a mediating role between organizational fairness and innovation behavior among nurses(P<0.01) with standardized mediation effect of 0.17, accounting for 50.0% of the total effect. Conclusion Organizational fairness can influence the ability of innovative behavior directly or through the mediating role of ISE.

Clinical study on modified Huatan Tongluo Decoction combined with acupoint massage for the patients with acute ischemic stroke / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of modified Huatan Tongluo Decoction combined with acupoint massage in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods:A total of 83 patients with AIS, who met the inclusion criteria in the hospital between January 2020 and January 2021, were randomly divided into the control group ( n=41) and the observation group ( n=42). The control group received conventional western medicine treatment, and the observation group adopted modified Huatan Tongluo Decoction combined with acupoint massage therapy on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks. The TCM symptoms were scored before and after treatment. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to evaluate the degree of neurological deficit and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) was used for the evaluation of daily living ability of patients. The Serum levels of Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) were detected by ELISA, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:The total effective rate was 92.9% (39/42) in observation group and that in the control group was 75.6% (31/41) ( χ2=4.67, P=0.031). After treatment, the scores of unconsciousness, consciousness trance, numbness and weakness, deviation of the eye and mouth and hemiplegia in observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=2.18, 3.11, 2.80, 2.07, 2.24, all Ps<0.05), and the NIHSS score was significantly lower than that of the control group ( t=2.58, P=0.012) while the MBI score was significantly higher than that of control group ( t=2.59, P=0.011). After treatment, the levels of serum IMA [(67.05±8.34) mg/L vs. (71.48±8.52) mg/L, t=2.39], MMP-9 [(100.72±12.49) ng/L vs. (107.66±13.05) ng/L, t=2.48] and GDF-15 [(438.16±43.20) ng/L vs. (461.93±44.19) ng/L, t=2.48] in observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The modified Huatan Tongluo Decoction combined with acupoint massage can relieve the clinical symptoms and brain damage degree, improve the neurological function and living ability, and enhance the clinical efficacy of patients with AIS.

Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis / 药学实践杂志

Objective To evaluate cardiovascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with the marketed 11 sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonism by Bayesian network meta-analysis system. Methods MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched from the establishment of the database to 18 July 2020. The endpoint of the study was adverse cardiovascular events. The effect measures were hazard ratios (HR) and 95% credible intervals (CI). Results Compared with placebo, empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes with HR and 95% CI ranging between 0.75(0.60-0.95)~0.90(0.82-0.99); The risk of heart failure was reduced by empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin, with HR and 95%CI ranging between 0.64(0.49-0.82)~0.74(0.65-0.85); Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, exenatide, liraglutide and oral semaglutide reduced the incidence of all-cause mortality with HR and 95%CI ranging between 0.52(0.33-0.84)~0.89(0.80-0.99); Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, liraglutide and oral semaglutide can reduce the risk of cardiovascular death events, with HR and 95% CI ranging between 0.54(0.30-0.95)~0.83(0.71-0.96) . Conclusion The order of the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are canagliflozin (the best), empagliflozin, dulaglutide, liraglutide; for patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure. The order of the cardiovascular benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure are empagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and dapagliflozin.

A modified mouse model of orthotopic left lung transplantation based on "pendulum" anastomosis of the reverse-view plane (with video demonstration) / 器官移植

Objective To modify the mouse model of orthotopic left lung transplantation from different perspectives, aiming to establish a simpler, faster and stabler mouse model of lung transplantation. Methods Based on preliminary modified rat model of orthotopic left lung transplantation established by our team, varying extent of modifications were made regarding the tracheal intubation, cannula preparation and anastomosis procedures of orthotopic left lung transplantation in the recipient mice. Orthotopic left lung transplantation in 40 mice were performed by an operator with microsurgical experience. The dissection of the recipient's hilar structure was carried out at the plane of the hilar clamp model within the reverse-view, and the three branches (left main bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) of the pulmonary hilum were anastomosed in turn by the "pendulum" anastomosis method. The operation time of each procedure was recorded. The recipient mice were sacrificed at postoperative 2 weeks, and the incidence of postoperative complications was recorded. Results Lung transplantation was successfully completed in 40 mice, with no bronchial and vascular tearing or twisting, and no bleeding at the anastomosis site. The overall cardiopulmonary procurement time was (10.7±1.5) min, cannula preparation time was (16.2±1.5) min, cold ischemia time was (25.1±2.4) min, warm ischemia time was (19.4±1.6) min, and the total operation time was (57.2±2.9) min, respectively. During the follow-up from 6 to 14 days after surgery, one recipient mouse died of pleural effusion, probably caused by infection. No pneumothorax, thrombosis or atelectasis was found in the remaining recipient mice during postoperative follow-up. Conclusions The modified mouse model of orthotopic left lung transplantation based on "pendulum" anastomosis of the reverse-view plane possesses multiple advantages of short operation time, high success rate and few complications, which is expected to become an alternative model of studying pathological changes after lung transplantation and worthy of further application.

Factors affecting depressive symptoms among patients withcolorectal cancer in Chengdu City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the factors affecting the depressive symptoms among patients with colorectal cancer in Chengdu City, so as to provide insights into mental health improvement among colorectal cancer patients.@*Methods@#Patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled from three hospitals in Chengdu City using the convenient sampling method. The basic information, life styles and cancer diagnosis and therapy were collected, and the depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale ( SDS ). In addition, factors affecting the depressive symptoms were identified using the multivariable logistic regression analysis.@*Results@#A total of 384 patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled, including 247 men ( 64.32% ), and the subjects had a mean age of ( 57.47±11.39 ) years and a mean SDS score of 37.73±9.15. The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 15.36%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that colorectal cancer patients with a history of radiotherapy had a high risk of developing depressive symptoms ( OR=0.468, 95%CI: 0.245-0.895 ), while patients with alcohol consumption ( OR=0.407, 95%CI: 0.172-0.963 ) and drinking tea ( OR=0.470, 95%CI: 0.244-0.904 ) had a low risk of developing depressive symptoms.@*Conclusions@#The detection of depressive symptoms is 15.36% among patients with colorectal cancer in Chengdu City, and a history of radiotherapy, alcohol consumption and drinking tea affect the development of depressive symptoms among patients with colorectal cancer.

Research progress on malignant tumor after lung transplantation / 器官移植

Lung transplantation has become the most effective treatment of end-stage lung diseases. Along with persistent optimization of lung transplantation technique and perioperative management, the short-term clinical efficacy after lung transplantation has been significantly improved, whereas the long-term clinical prognosis remains unoptimistic. Besides chronic lung allograft dysfunction, postoperative malignant tumors also threaten the long-term survival of the recipients. Common malignant tumors following lung transplantation include nonmelanoma skin cancer, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease and lung cancer. After solid organ transplantation, a large majority of the recipients require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. The intensity of immunosuppressive therapy for the lung transplant recipients is generally higher than other organ transplant recipients. Immunosuppression is the main factor which leads to the impairment of anti-tumor immune monitoring function and promotes the incidence and development of malignant tumors. In this article, the risk factors, prevention and treatment of the most common malignant tumors after lung transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors following lung transplantation.

Learning curve and key procedures analysis of modified rat models of orthotopic left lung transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To summarize and analyze the key procedures of the modified rat model of orthotopic left lung transplantation, aiming to provide more experience for the establishment of rat models of lung transplantation. Methods Two surgeons (A and B) performed complete transplantation in consecutive 15 rat models, and every 5 surgeries were divided into 1 practice stage. The operating time of each transplantation procedure was recorded. The differences of overall success rate and 1-week survival rate were calculated among different practice stages. The learning curve was delineated by the cumulative sum method. Results For surgeons A and B, the number of the first successful transplantation was the 5th and 6th time, the overall success rates of transplantation were 80% and 87% respectively, and the 1-week survival rates of rats both were 92%. Along with the increasing number of surgeries, the entire cardiopulmonary procurement, cannula preparation, cold ischemia, warm ischemia, transplantation and total operation time by two surgeons showed a significantly downward trend (all P < 0.05). For surgeons A and B, 3 and 2 rats died of heart failure due to overdose anesthesia, and 1 rat died of vein distortion at postoperative 1 d and 1 died of atelectasis at postoperative 7 d, respectively. The goodness of fit (R2) of cumulative sum method was 0.992 8 and 0.976 6. The turning point of learning curve was achieved in the 7th and 8th transplantation for surgeons A and B. Conclusions The modified rat model of orthotopic left lung transplantation yields high operability and repeatability both theoretically and technologically, and has multiple advantages of short learning curve, short operation time, high survival rate of the recipients and few complications, which is worthy of application in the basic research of lung transplantation.

Current status and prospect of imaging examination methods for rejection after lung transplantation / 器官移植

Lung transplantation is the only effective therapeutic option for end-stage lung diseases, and postoperative rejection is the main factor affecting clinical prognosis of the recipients. Imaging examination can be utilized as a noninvasive tool to assist other examinations in monitoring rejection after lung transplantation. At present, multiple imaging examination methods have been reported. The advantages and disadvantages of various imaging examinations have been clarified, which may promote early diagnosis of rejection, deliver timely treatment for lung transplant recipients and improve the quality of life and clinical prognosis. In this article, the advantages, disadvantages and research progress upon different imaging examinations for rejection after lung transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for identifying the optimal noninvasive examination approach for rejection after lung transplantation and enhance the long-term survival of the recipients.

The effects of hinge structure on the biological activity of antimicrobial peptides and its application in molecular design: a review / 生物工程学报

The hinge structure, also known as hinge region or bend, is a special structure found in some antimicrobial peptides. Most studies on antimicrobial peptides focused on the standard secondary structure of α-helix and β-sheet, while the hinge structure and its functions were rarely studied. The hinge structure confers the antimicrobial peptides an improved structural flexibility, which may promote their disruptive effect on bacterial membrane or their binding efficiency to the intracellular targets, thus resulting in a higher antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, the hinge structure may reduce the structural rigidity, which may eliminate the cytotoxicity of antimicrobial peptides to eukaryotic cells. This article reviews the structural characteristics of the hinge structure, its effects on the biological activity of antimicrobial peptides and application in the molecular design, with the aim to provide a reference for the design and development of new antimicrobial peptides.

Difference in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual orientation among college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual orientation among college students, and to explore possible sex difference.@*Methods@#By using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, 4 034 students were selected from 4 college schools. Self-made questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information, CSA experiences and sexual orientation. Logistic regression models were conducted to examine sex differences in the relationship between different types and timing of CSA and sexual orientation.@*Results@#The reporting rates of heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual and asexual orientation of college students were 93.2%, 0.7%, 3.7% and 2.4%, respectively. For males, contact CSA (OR=14.70, 95%CI=5.73-37.72), both contact and noncontact CSA (OR=4.33,95%CI=1.91-9.84) in elementary school or earlier were associated with sexual orientaion. non-contact CSA (OR=4.20, 95%CI=2.21-7.98), both contact and noncontact CSA (OR=3.57, 95%CI=1.65-7.70) in middle school were related to sexual orientation. However, for females, non-contact CSA (OR=1.78, 95%CI=1.02-3.13) and both contact and non-contact CSA (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.35-7.23) in elementary school or earlier were associated with sexual orientation.@*Conclusion@#CSA experiences are associated with sexual orientation in sex-specific manner, with significant stronger association among males.

Analysis of characteristics of dead on arrival cases in children′s special hospital in the past five years / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To analyze the causes, influencing factors and trends of dead on arrival cases in children′s Hospital in the past 5 years, aiming to provide direction and basis for reducing the dead on arrival cases of children.Methods:We collected the dead on arrival cases in the department of emergency at Shanghai Children′s Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019, classifed and analysed the gender, age, native place, death season, time of death, and possible causes of death, and then studied the correlation between above factors and the cases.Results:A total of 151 dead on arrival cases were collected.The annual number decreased year by year, and boys were more than girls in gender.Most of them were infants under 1 year old, and nonlocal children were more than Shanghai native.The above differences were statistically significant, but there was no significant difference in the distribution of death season and death time.In terms of the cause of death, perinatal diseases accounting for 33.8%(51/151), those accompanied with severe underlying diseases accounting for 39.1%(59/151), accidental death accounting for 14.6%(22/151), unexplained deaths accounting for 12.6%(19/151). Those distribution differences were statistically significant( χ2=32.497, P<0.001). Meanwhile, there were statistic differences in gender and age of the cases with severe underlying diseases( χ2=4.898, P=0.027; χ2=32.169, P<0.001), and the year and age distributions of the accidental death cases also had significant differences( χ2=16.636, P=0.002; χ2=14.727, P=0.002). Conclusion:To reduce dead on arrival cases of children, we should do a good job in perinatal health care and screening, reduce premature birth and birth defects, actively conduct propaganda to prevent children′s accidental injuries, popularize medical first aid knowledge, and strengthen children′s transport system.