A Case Report of Additional Slip of Pectoralis Major – Pectorotubero Fascialis Muscle

Variations in the pectoralis major (PM) muscles have been reported by various authors in the literature. We report a case of accessory slip of PM with variation in insertion which has not been reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. This accessory slip was partially muscular getting inserted into medial lip of intertubercular sulcus (ITS) and partially aponeurotic getting inserted into lateral lip ITS, thus forming “H”-shaped pattern. Knowledge of such anatomical variation will create awareness among surgeons performing surgical reconstruction using PM muscle.

Do videos used during lectures help first year mbbs students gain & retain knowledge in anatomy better?

Background: Video clips used during lectures reinforce the information taught verbally thus improving theoverall learning experience of students. The present study has been done to compare the immediate and longterm post test MCQ scores of students taught Gross Anatomy using lectures with videos and without videos.Material and methods: One forty four 1st year MBBS students –were divided into two groups A & B (72 in eachgroup) by Random Sampling. Topic 1(Venous drainage of lower limb), was chosen and Group A was exposed tolectures with videos and Group B to lectures without videos. An immediate post test on venous drainage of lowerlimb was done comprising of 10 MCQ. After Cross over, Topic 2 (Knee Joint) was chosen and Group A was exposedto lectures without videos and Group B to lectures with videos. An immediate post test on knee joint was donecomprising of 10 MCQ. After 1 month, to test the long term retention of knowledge gained, post test was given forboth the topics which comprised of the same set of MCQ.Results: The Mean± SD for the immediate post test MCQ scores were 6.15±1.87 (Group A) & 4.85±2.30 (Group B)for Topic1, 2.26±1.25 (Group A) & 4.04±1.76 (Group B) for Topic 2. The long term post test MCQ scores were3.97±1.82 (Group A) & 2.74±1.74 (Group B) for Topic 1, 1.72±0.91 (Group A) & 2.33±1.28 (Group B) for Topic 2.Conclusion: Lectures with videos are more effective when compared to lectures alone as the knowledge gainedand retained by the students in Anatomy was better when traditional lectures are combined with videos.

A study on the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried human mandibles and its clinical relevance.

Background: The retromolar foramen is one of the most important non-metrical anatomical variants in the mandible. The present study describes the incidence of retromolar foramen in South Indian adult dried mandibles and its clinical relevance. Methods: One hundred South Indian adult dried mandibles of unknown sex were studied at the Department of Anatomy, MVJ Medical College, Bangalore for the presence of retromolar foramen. Its location, size, shape, distance of the foramen if present from the posterior border of socket for 3rd molar tooth, anterior border of ramus of the mandible were measured. Results: Retromolar foramen was present in 16 (16%) of the mandibles. Out of the 16 mandibles, it was present bilaterally in 3 (3%) mandibles and unilaterally in 13 (13%) mandibles (In 3 (3%) on the right side and in 10 (10%) on the left side). The mean diameter of the foramen was 1.33mm (range - 1.10-1.92 mm). It was oval in shape in 9 (9%) and rounded in shape in 7 (7%) mandibles. The mean distance of retromolar foramen from the posterior border of socket for 3rd molar tooth and anterior border of ramus were 6.15 mm (2.23-12.10) and 8.02 mm (3.24-13.12) respectively. Conclusions: The knowledge about the incidence of the retromolar foramen is important for dental surgeons during various anaesthetic, implantation and surgical procedures of the mandible, especially during extraction of the lower last molar tooth.