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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 113(1): 87-99, July 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011237

ABSTRACT

Abstract The electrocardiogram (ECG) has been reinvigorated by the identification of electrical alterations that were not definitely clarified before. In this context, and mainly regarding the definition of arrhythmogenic substrates, the association of the ECG with the vectorcardiogram (VCG) has gathered much more information about the cardiac electrical phenomena, thus allowing us to differentiate potentially fatal cases from benign ones. Obtaining a VCG concomitantly with the performance of an ECG has led to a significant gain in the definition of extremely sophisticated pathologies, which function suffer some type of structural or dynamic alterations, involving either the reduction or enhancement of ionic channels and currents. The classic aspects of the ECG/VCG association in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarctions, conduction disorders, atrial and ventricular hypertrophies, and the correlations between these electrical disorders are still valid and assertive. The association of these pathologies is further clarified when they are seen through the ECG/VCG dyad. The three-dimensional spatial orientation of both the atrial and the ventricular activity provides a far more complete observation tool than the ECG linear form. The modern analysis of the ECG and its respective VCG, simultaneously obtained by the recent technique called electro-vectorcardiogram (ECG/VCG), brought a significant gain for the differential diagnosis of some pathologies. Therefore, we illustrate how this type of analysis can elucidate some of the most important diagnoses found in our daily clinical practice as cardiologists.


Resumo O eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi revigorado com o reconhecimento de alterações elétricas que ainda não haviam sido observadas de maneira definitiva. Nesse contexto, principalmente na definição dos substratos arritmogênicos, a associação do ECG com o vetorcardiograma (VCG) propiciou mais informações sobre os fenômenos elétricos cardíacos, possibilitando distinguir os casos potencialmente fatais dos benignos. A obtenção de um VCG ao mesmo tempo da realização do ECG trouxe um ganho muito importante para definir patologias extremamente sofisticadas, com alterações estruturais ou dinâmicas que envolvem canais e correntes iônicas, cujas funções são diminuídas ou exageradas em razão de mutações genéticas. Os aspectos clássicos da relação ECG/VCG no diagnóstico diferencial das áreas inativas, dos distúrbios de condução, das sobrecargas atriais e ventriculares e das associações entre esses distúrbios elétricos continuam vigentes e assertivos, e ficam mais claros quando vistos pelo binômio ECG/VCG. Além disso, a orientação espacial tridimensional das atividades atrial e ventricular cria uma ferramenta de observação muito mais completa do que o modo linear do ECG. A análise moderna do ECG e do respectivo VCG, obtidos simultaneamente pela técnica recente chamada de eletrovetorcardiograma (ECG/VCG), trouxe um ganho importante no diagnóstico diferencial de algumas patologias. Desse modo, são abordadas aqui as principais utilidades dessa análise na elucidação de diagnósticos importantes da atividade diária na clínica cardiológica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vectorcardiography , Heart Diseases/diagnosis , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Diagnosis, Differential , Heart Diseases/physiopathology
3.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 87(5): 564-569, nov. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-439699

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar os parâmetros do eletrocardiograma de alta resolução da onda P no domínio do tempo (ECGAR-P) e compará-los com: a duração da onda P no eletrocardiograma clássico (P no ECG), o diâmetro atrial esquerdo (AE) e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FE) obtidos no ecocardiograma, para avaliar pacientes com fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 181 pacientes: 117 com FAP comprovada e 64 sem FAP. Os parâmetros do ECGAR-P foram: a duração da onda P filtrada (DPF), as voltagens da raiz quadrada média dos últimos 40, 30 e 20 ms da onda P filtrada (RMS 40, RMS 30 e RMS 20), a voltagem da raiz quadrada média dos potenciais da onda P filtrada (RMS P), a integral dos potenciais da onda P filtrada (Integral P) e a duração dos potenciais tardios da onda P filtrada abaixo de 3 æV (PT<3). RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros que apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos foram: DPF, RMS 40, 30 e 20, PT<3, P no ECG e AE. Os cálculos pela curva ROC mostraram, para cada parâmetro, o melhor valor de corte e os estimadores de desempenho: sensibilidade, especificidade, área sob a curva e p-value (p) ou nível descritivo. CONCLUSÃO: O ECGAR-P no domínio do tempo mostrou-se melhor que o eletrocardiograma clássico e o ecocardiograma para identificar pacientes com fibrilação atrial paroxística.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze the parameters of the time domain P-wave signal-averaged electrocardiogram (P-SAECG) and compare them with the P-wave duration on the conventional electrocardiogram (P on ECG) as well as the left atrium diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) obtained on the echocardiogram in order to evaluate patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). METHODS: One hundred and eighty-one patients were included in the study: 117 with confirmed PAF and 64 without PAF. The P-SAECG parameters used were: the filtered P-wave duration (FPD), the root mean square (RMS) voltages in the last 40, 30 and 20 ms of the filtered P-wave (RMS 40, RMS 30 and RMS 20), the root mean square voltage of the filtered P-wave potentials (RMS P), the integral of the potentials during the filtered P-wave (Integral P) and the filtered P-wave late potential durations below 3 æV (PL<3). RESULTS: The parameters that presented significant statistical differences between the groups were: FPD, RMS 40, 30 and 20, PL<3, P on ECG and LAD. The ROC curve calculations demonstrated the best cut-off points and performance estimates for each parameter: sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve and p-value (p). CONCLUSION: The time domain P-SAECG proved to be a superior method to identify patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation than the conventional electrocardiogram and echocardiogram.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Atrial Function/physiology , Electrocardiography/methods , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
4.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 87(3): 241-247, set. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-436182

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar freqüência, correlações clínicas e influência prognóstica do potencial tardio no eletrocardiograma de alta resolução, em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca de diferentes etiologias. MÉTODOS: Foi estudado o eletrocardiograma de alta resolução, durante 42 meses, em 288 portadores de insuficiência cardíaca de diferentes etiologias, 215 homens (74,65 por cento) e 73 mulheres (25,35), de idades entre 16 e 70 anos (média 51,5, desvio-padrão 11,24). As etiologias da insuficiência cardíaca foram: cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, 78(27,1 por cento); cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática, 73(25,4 por cento); cardiomiopatia isquêmica, 65(22,6 por cento); cardiomiopatia da doença de Chagas, 42(14,6 por cento); cardiomiopatia alcoólica, 9(3,1 por cento); cardiomiopatia periparto, 6(2,1 por cento); valvopatias em 2(4,2 por cento) e miocardite viral, 3(1,04 por cento). Foram avaliadas a duração do QRS Standard, duração do QRS filtrado, duração do sinal abaixo de 40æV e a raiz quadrada nos últimos 40ms quanto a idade, sexo, etiologia, achados do eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 derivações, do ecocardiograma, do eletrocardiograma de longa duração e mortalidade. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes: exato de Fisher, t de Student, de Man-Whitney, análise de variância, Log-HanK e o método de Kaplan-Meyer. RESULTADOS: O potencial tardio foi diagnosticado em 90 (31,3 por cento) pacientes e não houve correlação com as etiologias. Sua presença associou-se a: menor consumo máximo de oxigênio a cicloergoespirometria (p=0,001); taquicardia ventricular sustentada e não sustentada ao Holter (p=0,001), morte súbita e mortalidade (p<0,05). Houve uma maior sobrevida nos pacientes sem potencial tardio. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de potencial tardio não se associou às etiologias e mostrou-se um marcador de pior prognóstico.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency, clinical correlations and prognosis influence of late potentials on the of heart failure patients with different etiologies using the signal averaged electrocardiogram. METHODS: A 42 month study of the signal averaged electrocardiograms of 288 heart failure patients with different etiologies was conducted. The group of patients included 215 males (74.65 percent) and 73 females (25.35 percent) between the ages of 16 and 70 (mean 51.5, standard deviation 11.24). The heart failure etiologies were: hypertensive heart disease (78 patients, 27.1 percent); idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (73 patients, 25.4 percent); ischemic cardiomyopathy (65 patients, 22.6 percent); Chagas disease (42 patients, 14.6 percent); alcoholic cardiomyopathy (9 patients, 3.1 percent); peripartum cardiomyopathy (6 patients, 2.1 percent); valvular heart disease (2 patients, 4.2 percent) and viral myocarditis (3 patients, 1.04 percent). The variables included the duration of the standard QRS complex, duration of the filtered QRS complex, duration of the signal below 40µV and the root mean square of the last 40ms which were analyzed in regard to age, gender, etiology and mortality as well as the findings of the 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest, echocardiogram and ambulatory electrocardiogram. The statistical analysis tests used were: the Fisher exact probability test, Students t-test, Mann Whitney test, variance analysis, Log-Hank and the Kaplan-Meyer method. RESULTS: Late potentials were diagnosed in 90 patients (31.3 percent) and there was no association with the etiologies. The presence of this condition is associated with: a lower maximum oxygen uptake during the ergospirometry (p=0.001); sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia during Holter monitoring (p=0.001), sudden death and mortality (p<0.05). Patients that did not present late potentials had a higher overlife rate. CONCLUSION: The presence of late potentials was not associated with the etiologies and proved to be an indication of a worse prognosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Electrocardiography , Heart Failure , Cause of Death , Cohort Studies , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Echocardiography , Follow-Up Studies , Heart Failure , Prognosis , Spirometry
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 68(4): 293-296, Abr. 1997.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-320333

ABSTRACT

We report the case of a 69 year-old male who developed congestive heart failure functional class IV (NYHA). The admission electrocardiogram (EKG) revealed sinus rhythm, PR interval of 240 ms, QRS interval of 110 ms, the QRS vector of 0 degree, Q waves from V1 to V6, tall R waves from V1 to V4 that decreased to V5 and V6. The vectocardiogram had anteriorization of the electrical forces of QRS, with vector half area in the horizontal plane at +60 degrees. After two years the patient had a myocardial infarction, the EKG at the admission had the same pattern and after two days developed important changes: enlargement of QRS interval with length of 160 ms, QRS vector of +100 degrees, R waves at D2, D3 e AVF that increase from D2 to D3, QS at D1, AVL, AVR and V1, rS at V2 and V3, R wave is notched and thickened+ at V5 and V6, that return to the initial pattern after one day. The patient progressed to death in the eighth day after infarction. This case reported a intermitent pattern of EKG that is an uncontestable proof to the existence of the left middle fascicular block.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Bundle-Branch Block , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Vectorcardiography , Bundle-Branch Block , Electrocardiography , Heart Failure/complications
6.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 66(5): 253-256, Mai .1996.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-319283

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the correlation between the departure areas (DA), negative or positive, in patients whose electrocardiogram showed left bundle branch block (LBBB) and association with left ventricular hipertrophy (LVH) and myocardial infarction (MI), to the electrocardiographic (ECG) and vectocardiographic (VCG) classic criteria. METHODS: The study was carried out with 46 patients (27 males) with LBBB. These patients had hypertension (19.5), coronary heart disease (34.7) and 21 patients with no heart disease (45.8). RESULTS: The statistic analysis using the Cluster method divided the patients in two groups. Group I (22 patients) showed an average rate for the DA (-2 SD) of 1091 for QRS and of 640 for ST-T. For the DA (+2 SD), the average rate was 618 for QRS and 881 for ST-T; group II (24 patients) showed an averaged for the DA (-2 SD) of 1063 for QRS and of 225 for ST-T. For the DA (+2 SD), the averaged rate was 428 for QRS and 600 for ST-T. CONCLUSION: In general the current ECG/VCG findings, can not differentiate the presence of the association of LBBB to LVH and MI. The DA of ST-T, mainly negative was the most efficient to separate the two groups and help in the differential diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Vectorcardiography , Bundle-Branch Block , Electrocardiography , Ventricular Function, Left , Body Surface Potential Mapping , Aged, 80 and over , Sensitivity and Specificity , Diagnosis, Differential , Chi-Square Distribution
7.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 59(4): 249-253, out. 1992. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-134467

ABSTRACT

Objetivo - Destacar as principais alterações eletrocardiográficas na endomiocardiofibrose e correlacioná-las com o tipo de comprometimento ventricular. Métodos - Cem pacientes portadores de endomiocardiofibrose (68 do sexo feminino) com idade entre 5 e 64 anos (média = 34) anos. De acordo com o aspecto angiográfico, os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: grupo I - 11 pacientes com acometimento predominante em ventrículo direito; grupo II - 58 pacientes com acometimento importante de ambos os ventrículos, mas não necessariamente semelhantes; grupo III - 31 pacientes com lesões predominantes de ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados - Quando o comprometimento do ventrículo direito foi dominante, o padrão eletrocardiográfico mostrou complexos QRS de baixa voltagem em piano frontal, presença de distúrbio de condução pelo ramo direito e complexos QRS de baixa voltagem do tipo qr ou qs em V1, em contraste com complexos QRS de maior amplitude em V2/V3. A presença de bloqueio da divisão ântero-superior do ramo esquerdo, aspecto de áreas inativas e de ondas R de alta voltagem em precordiais esquerdas, sugerindo SVE, correlacionou-se com lesões em ventrículo esquerdo. Conclusão - O eletrocardiograma na endomiocardiofibrose, apesar de ser usualmente inespecífico, pode ser útil na identificação do tipo de comprometimento ventricular


Purpose - To detail the most common electrocardiographic findings on the endomyocardial fibrosis and to correlate with the ventricular form. Methods - One hundred patients with endomyocardiofibrosis (68 female) with ages between 5 and 64-years-old (mean 34 years). According to ventriculographic aspect the patients were divided in three groups: group I - 11 patients with predominant right ventricular compromise; group II - 58 patients with biventricular involvement, but not necessarily similar in intensivity; group III - 31 patients with predominant left ventricular compromise. Results - On patients with predominat right ventricular compromise, the electrocardiographic pattern was of QRS complex of low voltage in the frontal plane, presence of incompleta right bundle block and QRS complex with low voltage and with qr or qs aspect in V1 contrasting with QRS complex of great amplitude on V2 and V3. Left anterior hemiblock, aspect of inactive area, and R waves of high voltage on left precordial leads were observed on patients with predominant left ventricular involvement. Conclusion - The electrocardiogram of endomyocardial fibrosis, in spite of inespecific, may help in the identification of ventricular involvement


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Electrocardiography , Endomyocardial Fibrosis/diagnosis , Heart Ventricles/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Endomyocardial Fibrosis/physiopathology , English Abstract , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology
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