Beliefs of University Employees Leaving During a Fire Alarm: A Theory-based Belief Elicitation

Background@#Despite workplaces having policies on fire evacuation, many employees still fail to evacuate when there is a fire alarm. The Reasoned Action Approach is designed to reveal the beliefs underlying people's behavioral decisions and thus suggests causal determinants to be addressed with interventions designed to facilitate behavior. This study is a uses a Reasoned Action Approach salient belief elicitation to identify university employees' perceived advantages/disadvantages, approvers/disapprovers, and facilitators/barriers toward them leaving the office building immediately the next time they hear a fire alarm at work. @*Methods@#Employees at a large public United States Midwestern university completed an online cross-sectional survey. A descriptive analysis of the demographic and background variables was completed, and a six-step inductive content analysis of the open-ended responses was conducted to identify beliefs about leaving during a fire alarm. @*Results@#Regarding consequence, participants perceived that immediately leaving during a fire alarm at work had more disadvantages than advantages, such as low risk perception. Regarding referents, supervisors and coworkers were significant approvers with intention to leave immediately. None of the perceived advantages were significant with intention. Participants listed access and risk perception as significant circumstances with the intention to evacuate immediately. @*Conclusion@#Norms and risk perceptions are key determinants that may influence employees to evacuate immediately during a fire alarm at work. Normative-based and attitude-based interventions may prove effective in increasing the fire safety practices of employees.

Oxygen Therapy in Cluster Headache, Migraine, and Other Headache Disorders

Oxygen therapy (OT) can relieve head pain in certain primary headache disorders, including cluster headache (CH). The exact underlying mechanism is currently uncertain, but suggested mechanisms include inhibition of the trigeminoautonomic reflex, modulation of neurotransmitters, and cerebral vasoconstriction. OT is the standard for acute treatment of CH, but patients with CH often experience considerable difficulties accessing home OT due to problems with insurance coverage. Inhalation of 100% oxygen at 6–12 L/min for 15–30 min using a non-rebreather face mask is one of the most effective acute therapies for CH, but several trials have indicated the superiority of higher oxygen flow rates of up to 15 L/min and/or using a demand-valve oxygen mask that can produce very high flow rates. Two randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of OT in migraine, but obtaining reliable evidence is considered difficult because of different inhalation protocols, varying outcome measures, and small samples. There are some reports on the efficacy of OT as an adjuvant therapy in hypnic headache, primary headache in the emergency department, and even postdural puncture headache. The goal of this review article is to expand the knowledge regarding the use of oxygen in the treatment of headache disorders.

Innovations in Measurement: visual Analog Scales and Retrospective Pretest Self-Report Designs

The authors discuss limitations of two popular measurement procedures, the Likert scale and conventional pretest-posttest self-report design. Both techniques have limits and yet are often combined, leading to restricted fidelity for measuring change. The authors go on to discuss two innovations in measurement that provide researchers with greater assessment fidelity: Visual analog scales and the retrospective pretest design. Moreover, when used in combination, these innovations measurement techniques provide dramatic increases in the power to detect and quantify change.

Se discuten las limitaciones de dos procedimientos de medición extremadamente populares; la escala Likert y los diseños pre-post tradicionales. Ambos métodos tienen limitaciones; estos métodos son comúnmente combinados obteniendo como resultado una fidelidad limitada para la medición del cambio. Se discute sobre dos innovaciones en medición que proveen al investigador una mayor fidelidad: escalas visuales análogas y el diseño pre-test retrospectivo. Además, cuando se usan de manera combinada, estas innovaciones en medición proveen notables incrementos en el poder de detección y la cuantificación de cambios.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue infection in Westmoreland, Jamaica / Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas con respecto a la infección de Dengue en Westmoreland, Jamaica

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in most tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. Dengue fever is endemic in Jamaica and continues to be a public health concern. There is a paucity of information on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Jamaicans regarding dengue infection. OBJECTIVE: To describe dengue-related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of residents of Westmoreland, Jamaica. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 192 parents attending child health clinics in the Parish of Westmoreland was conducted. RESULTS: More than half of the parents (54%) had good knowledge about signs, symptoms and mode of transmission of dengue. Approximately 47% considered dengue to be a serious but preventable disease to which they are vulnerable. Nevertheless, a majority (77%) did not use effective dengue preventive methods such as screening of homes and 51% did not use bed nets. Educational attainment (OR, 2.98; CI, 1.23, 7.23) was positively associated with knowledge of dengue. There was no correlation between knowledge about dengue and preventive practices (p = 0.34). Radio and TV were the predominant sources of information about dengue fever. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the good knowledge about dengue fever among residents of Westmoreland did not translate to adoption of preventive measures. Health programme planners and practitioners need to identify and facilitate removal of barriers to behaviour change related to control of dengue fever among the population. Future campaigns should focus on educating and encouraging individuals and families to adopt simple, preventive actions, such as, use of insecticide treated bed nets and screening of homes.

ANTECEDENTES: La infección del virus del dengue causa morbosidad y mortalidad en un grado significativo en los países más tropicales y sub-tropicales del mundo. La fiebre de dengue es endémica en Jamaica y sigue siendo una preocupación para la salud pública. Hay escasez de información sobre el conocimiento, actitudes y prácticas (KAP) de los jamaicanos con respecto a la infección de dengue. OBJETIVO: Describir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) de los residentes de Westmoreland, Jamaica, en relación con el dengue. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un cuestionario transversal a 192 padres y madres que asisten a las clínicas de salud infantil en la provincia de Westmoreland. RESULTADOS: Más de la mitad de los padres y las madres (54%) poseían un buen conocimiento acerca de los síntomas, señales, y modo de transmisión del dengue. Aproximadamente 47% veían al dengue como una enfermedad seria pero evitable, a la cual eran vulnerables. Sin embargo, una mayoría (77%) no usaba métodos efectivos para la prevención del dengue, tales como el uso de mallas de protección en las casas y el 51% no usaba mosquiteros. El logro educativo (OR, 2.98; CI, 1.23, 7.23) estuvo positivamente asociado con el conocimiento del dengue. No hubo correlación entre el conocimiento sobre el dengue y las prácticas preventivas (p = 0.34). La radio y la televisión fueron las fuentes predominantes de información sobre la fiebre del dengue. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos sugieren que el buen conocimiento sobre la fiebre del dengue entre los residentes de Westmoreland no se traduce en adopción de medidas preventivas. Los planificadores y médicos generales a cargo de programas de salud necesitan buscar formas de identificar y eliminar las barreras que obstaculizan el cambio de conducta en relación con el control de la fiebre del dengue entre la población. Las campañas futuras deben estar encaminadas a educar y estimular a individuos y familias a fin de que adopten acciones preventivas simples y económicas, tales como el uso de mosquiteros de cama tratados con insecticida y el uso de mallas de protección en las casas.

AIDS in a Hong Kong Chinese.

A young Hong Kong Chinese male patient with fever of unknown origin is presented. The diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was made only 5 months after the onset of his illness. The lack of awareness of the syndrome might account for the delay in the diagnosis. The legal attitude towards homosexuality might have an adverse effect on epidemiological studies of AIDS in Hong Kong.