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Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to determine the effectiveness of biosurfactants (rhamnolipid) against P. infestans causing late blight of potato. Methodology: Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from soil samples and the potential strain PA 1, selected because of its antagonistic ability, was used to optimize anti-metabolite production and its characterization using HPLC-Mass spectrometry. Rhamnolipid based formulation was developed and its efficacy was tested against late blight disease. Results: The results revealed that four rhamnolipids congeners were identified, among them three were mono-rhamno-di-lipidic congeners and one was di-rhamno-di-lipdic congeners, abundantly present in the crude biosurfactant obtained from P. aeruginosa PA1. The mass spectra of mono-rhamno-di-lipidic Rha-C12-C14 peak value (m/z 584), Rha-C12.1-C10.CH3 peak value (m/z 545), Rha-C12-C-12-CH3 peak value (m/z 575) and di-rhamno-di-lipidic. Rha-Rha-C10-C10 peak value (m/z 651) were also detected. Rhamnolipid-based formulation was developed and evaluated at different concentration ranging from 0.012 and 0.3% in detached leaf test. Significant reduction in lesion area was recorded at 0.2% concentration (lesion area 0.06 cm2 as against 9.8 cm2 on 5th day of inoculation). Interpretation: Microbial produced rhamnolipid based formulation at 0.2% concentration was found effective against late blight of potato in detached leaf test. Further, it could be used in field study as green chemical which would help in replacing application of chemicals in agriculture.
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Purpose: To study the trends in collection, storage and utilization of donor corneas in eye banks in India. Methods: The data was collected from 12 eye banks in India that collected more than 1000 corneas per year. The retrospective analysis of the parameters like characteristics of the donor and the host, storage media used, number of eyes collected, number of eyes utilized, causes of non-utilization of the tissue and the procedures performed was done. Results: A total of 20,564 eyes were collected by the 12 eye banks during the year 2013–2014. Voluntary eye donation (VED), and hospital cornea retrieval program (HCRP) contributed to 59.6% and 40.4% of tissue procurement respectively. Whole globe enucleation (52.3%) was more commonly performed as compared to in-situ excision of the donor corneas. The most commonly used storage media at all eye banks was McCarey-Kaufman (MK) media (83.3%). The utilization rate of the donor eyes was 50.5%. The most frequent indication for corneal transplantation was infection (active infection - 33.13%, healed infection - 10.78%) followed by Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) (13.57%). Full thickness keratoplasty (optical penetrating keratoplasty - 47.23%, therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty - 31.74%) was performed most often followed by endothelial keratoplasty (12.41%) in the developing country. Conclusion: VED still contributes to majority of the donor tissue retrieval in India. The majority of the eye banks still utilize whole globe enucleation technique and store tissues in MK media. Trends from previous years showed a change towards HCRP, in-situ excision technique and preservation in the long-term storage media.
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An 80-year-old male reported to the clinic with complaints of diminished vision, foreign body sensation, and occasionally some black object moving in front of the right eye. Detailed ocular examination revealed three slender creamy white live worms in the conjunctival sac of the right eye. Total three worms were retrieved and sent to the pathology department for detailed examination. The worm was identified as gravid Thelazia callipaeda. As per the search results in PubMed and Cochrane search engine, this is the first report of human case of gravid Thelazia infestation with simultaneous existence of embryonated or ensheathed eggs and primary-stage larvae in the same worm.
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Introduction: Several clinical and pathological scenarios like hemodynamic procedures, cardiac surgery in heart trauma and arrhythmias from coronary occlusive disease management have importance of variations in the origin of Right Coronary Artery (RCA). The RCA presents a wide spectrum of morphological expressions regarding its sites of origin, course, branches, length, size and termination. RCA usually arises from the Anterior Aortic Sinus (AAS) and traverses through the right atrio-ventricular (AV) groove. Subjects and Methods: In the present study, Computed Tomographic (CT) coronary angiograms of 50 routine subjects of different age groups who came to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George’s Medical University UP, Lucknow in the year 2010- 2011 with known or suspected coronary artery disease, were analyzed. Coronary angiography (CA) was performed on a 64 slice Multidetector Computed Tomographic (MDCT) scanner, using retrospective electrocardiographic (ECG) gating. The incidence of different sites of origin of RCA was assessed. Results: In the present study, RCA originated from Anterior Aortic Sinus (AAS) in 47 (94%) subjects. In 3 (6%) subjects, RCA showed anomalous origin from Left Posterior Aortic Sinus (LPAS). These three subjects were males [3(9.38%)]. In all the subjects, the course of RCA was normal except three males having origin of RCA from LPAS. In these three males, the proximal part of RCA coursed between Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) and aorta. Conclusion: Most common site for origin of RCA was AAS. Anomalous origin of RCA was seen only from LPAS. Anomalous origin of RCA was seen only in male subjects. In all subjects having anomalous origin of RCA from LPAS, RCA coursed between pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta.
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Introduction: There is considerable variation in the arterial supply of diaphragmatic surface of the heart. Diaphragmatic myocardial infarction is one of the more common consequences of coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of anatomic variants of origin and termination of Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) and to determine the type of coronary dominance in North Indian population. Subjects and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 50 routine subjects of different age groups who came to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George’s Medical University UP, Lucknow in the year 2010- 2011 with known or suspected coronary artery disease. All the cases were investigated on a 64 slice Multidetector Computed Tomographic (MDCT) scanner, using retrospective Electrocardiographic gating. Endeavour was made to determine the incidence of sites of origin and termination of PDA as well as to determine the type of coronary dominance. Results: PDA arose from Right Coronary Artery (RCA) in 39 (78%) cases and from Left Circumflex (LCx) artery in 11(22%) cases. The PDA was found to terminate in the upper 1/4 of Posterior Inter-Ventricular Groove (PIVG) in 18 (36%) cases, in upper 1/2 of PIVG in 19 (38%) cases, in upper 3/4 of PIVG in 10 (20%) cases and at the apex of the heart in 1 (2%) case. None of the female had termination of PDA at the apex. Termination of PDA could not be determined in 2 (4%) cases. Right dominance was seen in 36 (72%) cases, Left dominance in 11 (22%) cases. and Co-dominance in 3 (6%) cases. Conclusion: Posterior descending artery most commonly terminated after traversing the upper half of posterior inter-ventricular groove. The incidence of left coronary dominance was more in females, it was approximately twice the incidence found in males. Co-dominance was observed only in male subjects.
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Giant peptic ulcer perforation is a life threatening surgical emergency with high mortality rate. This study compares two different surgical techniques Omentopexy and Omental plugging for the treatment of giant peptic perforation. A prospective non-randomized study of 36 patients with giant peptic perforation (>=2 cm in diameter) was carried out over a period of 24 months .The highest incidence was seen in males over 50 years of age. Biliary leak rates were 22.22% in the omentopexy group compared to no leak in the omental plugging group. This rate when calculated on standard error of proportion was significant at 5% level (p<0.05).Mortality rate was higher in omentopexy group compared to omental plugging group.
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Aim: To identify histopathologic features of HSV keratitis and correlate them to their clinical findings following penetrating keratoplasty for suspected HSV keratitis and predict the graft outcome on oral Acyclovir treatment. Material and methods: A clinical study of 20 patients who presented to us with clinical picture suspected of HSV keratitis that underwent penetrating keratoplasty at a teaching hospital situated in rural area of India. Out of 20 patients 18 were primary grafts and in 2 patients repeat penetrating keratoplasty was done following graft failure due to rejection. A detailed review of the histopathology of the excised corneal button was performed to identify associations between clinical data (diseaseactivity, vascularity, graft outcome) and histopathologic data (inflammation, neovascularization, gross). Patients with features of HSV keratitis on histopathology were started on oral prophylactic acyclovir therapy post penetrating keratoplasty. Results: All patients had clinically quiescent disease for atleast 6 months before surgery. The visual outcome was better in 14 patients on oral acyclovir post penetrating keratoplasty in suspected HSV keratitis positive on histopathology including 2 repeat keratoplasty which were not earlier started on oral acyclovir. Histopathology of 12 cases including 2 repeat Penetrating keratoplasty revealed active corneal inflammation with epithelial irregularities along with patchy loss of Bowman’s membrane, infiltration of anterior stroma by lymphocytes, leukocytes and plasma cells. Diffuse fibrosis and neovascularisation of stroma was present which was correlated clinically. No recurrence was seen in these patients on follow up of 1 year. Of the 6 patients without any histopathologic inflammation in their corneas, only 1 experienced an allograft rejection. Conclusion: Histopathological inflammation is a marker for HSV status and its correlation helps in judicious use of acyclovir and reduces the risk of recurrence of HSV keratitis. Oral acyclovir therapy post penetrating keratoplasty acts as adjunct to improve the visual outcome in patients with positive histopathological changes.