ABSTRACT
Introduction: Trauma is one of the major causes of death among Thai people. In that respect, hand injuries have become an interesting issue during the past three years. Method: Patients with hand injuries (code S60-S69 in ICD 10) were selected from the Siriraj Truama Registry during 1993-1995 and than analyzed with regard to age, occupation, causes of accident and other data. Result: During the part three years, (1993-1995) 13,027 hand-injury patients were serviced by the unit. These included: 9,716 males and 3,311 females, with a ratio of male of 2.9:1. The greatest number of injuries was seen in patients aged 11 to 40 years, two of whom died from causes other than hand injury. Workers, laborers and students were the most common occupations. The sites of the accidents were homes, followed by public places and roads. Most patients arrived at the hospital within 30 minutes of the accident. Lacerated wounds were found to account for 54.4 percent (7,167 patients) of the total cases. Sharp objects and machinery were found to be the main causes of injury (3,397 patients), followed by traffic accidents (2,994 patients). In the traffic accident groups, injuries related to motorcycle accidents were found in 2,472 patients (82.6 percent). Injuries in this group were unintentional. Conclusion: From the incidence of hand injuries, it can be seen that this is the most common type of injury to occur in various types of accidents. Therefore the results of this study can be modified to formulate a prevention program, e.g., training for machine workers before they begin employment. In addition, first aid for hand injuries should be taught, including how to stop bleeding.
ABSTRACT
A number of patients who agreed to have their blood and breath alcohol levels tested were investigated on the nights of weekends during November and December 1994 and on the second week pay days. During there 17 nights 125 out of 360 patients agreed to be investigated. The two largest number of cases presented between 00.00-02.00 am, and 22.00-24.00 pm respectively. 95.2% of the cases were males between 16 years and 62 years of age. The highest number were in the 21-30 year age group, and the second highest in the 16-20 year age group. Traffic injuries accounted for 48% of injuries, self harms ad assaults for 34.4%, fall and other causes were 8.8% each. Most cases fell into one of three groups skilled manual workers, salaried workers and students. As the effects of alcohol caused cerebral depression starting with euphoria and followed by decreased inhibitions, muscular in coordination, slowing of reaction time and visual impairment, these patients are prone to injury. This series did not demonstrate the severity of injury due to the dispersal of the patients. However 74.4% of the series had blood alcohol level over 100 mg/dl, and 81.2% of the cases were found in the group of motorcycles accident cases. Patients with blood alcohol levels of 80 mg/dl had generally been involved in traffic accident, self harms and assaults group. Patients with blood alcohol levels of 150 mg/dl injured by falls due to muscular in coordination
ABSTRACT
An observation of the life cycle of hornet-Vespa affinis was recorded day by day. The new colony of the hornet was built at the safety and good ventilated area. The first nest cell was built at the second day and next day the first egg was laid at the bottom of nest cell. The egg hatched to be young larva and became mature larva at the 21st day, that it built a cocoons by regurgitated some salivary white-material to closed the nest cell. 15 days in the cocoon, the mature larva became to be pupa and at last it was a young hornet, and broke the cell to the out side world. There were 4 groups of young larvae in this observation which were hornets at the 40 days those are about every 10 days the new generation of the hornets were increasing.