ABSTRACT
Sixteen isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different hospitals in Kahramanmaras among 2006-2007 and tested for the level of resistance to the widely used antipseudomonal antibiotics and used in local midicinal and veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance to P. aeruginosa strains isolated in Microbiology Laboratory of different hospitals in Kahramanmaras between 2006-2007. These strains were mostly isolated from urine and few from tracheolaringeal aspirate, tracheal secretion, mucus, bronchoalveolar lavage. The antibiotic resistance rates were as follows: Penicillin (PEN) 100%, Amoxicillin (AMO) 94%, Cefazolin (CEF) 87.5%, Cefoxitin (CEFX) 81%, Nitrofrantoin (NIT) 75%, Chlorampenicol (CHL) 62.5 %, Tetracycline (TET) 56%, Ceftriaxone (CEFT) 44%, Oflaxain (OFL) and Gentamycin (GEN) 37.5%, Meropenem (MER) and Streptomycine (STR) 31%. Among 16 isolates of P.aeruginosa from wounds showed 8 (50%) b-lactamase activity, whereas 8 isolates of P.aeruginosa from urine showed no b-lactamase activity. All P. aeruginosa strains 16 (100%) isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance towards three to eleven antibiotics.
ABSTRACT
The bacterial contamination as the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform numbers were determined and analyzed for temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in seasonally collected water samples from fifteen different stations placed in Adana- Tufanbeyli road line during March 2008- January 2009. In addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were examined against frequently used antibiotics, and analyzed plasmid DNA of multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates. Total aerobic bacteria in fountain water samples was determined as 3x103 CFU ml-1 and total and fecal coliforms were determined 460 MPN/100 ml. Results obtained from biochemical analysis showed that 121 of the isolates were Proteus vulgaris, 69 Escherichia coli, 51 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 28 Citrobacter spp. According to these results, the existence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in stations 2 and 10, and Streptococcus faecalis in stations 11 and 15 respectively were confirmed. Clostridium perfringens was not detected in water samples. A total of 273 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by agar disc diffusion methods. A total of sixteen antibiotics were used for determination of antibiotic resistance of isolates. Resistance to bacitracin, vancomycine, cephalothin and ampicillin was detected in 77, 77, 63 and 50%, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) value > 0.25 was determined in 68.4% of identified 273 isolates and meaning of this percentage were resistant to four and more antibiotics. Plasmid DNA was isolated from 22 isolates with multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 taken randomly by agarose-gel electrophoresis, some of them contain a high-molecular weight plasmid DNA. Highlight of our study that the appearance of potential antibiotic resistances in fountain drinking water requires increased surveillance for risk assessment and prevention strategies to protect public health.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract of 12 plant species were studied. The extract of Capsicum annuum (red pepper) (fruit) Zingiber officinale (ginger) (root), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Alpinia ficinarum (galingale), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cinnamomun zeylanicum Nees (cinnamomun), Origanum onites L. (thyme), Folium sennae (senna), Eugenia caryophyllata (cloves), Flos tiliae (lime), Folium menthae crispae (peppermint) and Piper nigrum (blackpepper) were tested in vitro against 2 fungi and 8 bacterial species by the disc diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumonia 13883, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27859, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterobacter cloaca ATCC 13047, Corynebacterium xerosis UC 9165, Streptococcus faecalis DC 74, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Rhodotorula rubra were used in this investigation. The results indicated that extracts of different spices has shown antibacterial activity in the range of 7-24 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), 7-20 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Capsicum annum (red pepper) and Cinnamomun zeylanicum (cinnamon) bark, 7-18 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Folium sennae (senna) leaves, 7-16 mm 30 Al-1 inhibition zone Zingiber officinale (ginger) root, 7-15 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Cuminum cyminum (cumin) seed, 7-14 mm 30 Al-1 inhibition zone Folium menthae crispae (peppermint), Origanum onites (thyme) leaves and Alpinia ficinarum (galingale) root, 7-12 mm 30 Al-1 inhibiton zone Piper nigrum (blackpepper), 7-11 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Flos tiliae (lime) leaves, 7-8 mm 30Al-1 inhibition zone Coriandrum sativum (coriander) to the microorganisms tested.
ABSTRACT
Spices and herbs have been used for many years by different cultures. The aim of the present study is (1) to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial effects of different spices and herbs (5 species: Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. Brachycalyx P.H. Davis (White micromeria), Cumium cyminum (cumin), Mentha piperita (Peppermint) against different bacteria and fungi species, and (2) to discuss the in-vitro possible effects between the plants and antibiotics. The microorganisms used were Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus DC 127, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Escherichia coli DM, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, Yersinia enterocolitica AU 19, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Streptococcus faecalis DC 74 bacteria, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae WET 136, Kluvyeromyces fragilis DC 98 fungi in this study. The results indicated that essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Coriandrum sativum L., Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. brachycalyx P.H. Davis, Cumium cyminum L., Mentha piperita L. were shown antimicrobial activity in the range of 7-60 mm 2 Cl-1 inhibition zone to the microorganisms tested, using disc diffusion method. Standard antibiotic such as Gentamicin (10 Cg), Cephalothin (30 Cg), Ceftriaxone (10 Cg), Nystatin (10 U) discs were used for comparison with the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of these plants. In addition, antibacterial activity of essential oils of these plants was researched by effects when it was used together with these standard antibiotics in vitro. However, antibacterial activity changed also by in vitro interactions between these standard antibiotics and essential oils of these plants. Synergic, additive or antagonist effects were observed in antibacterial activity.
ABSTRACT
Turkey is one of the richest areas at middle latitudes in terms of plant diversity. One of Turkey’s (Anatolia) endemic plants is pyramidal black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana var. pyramidata). But, it was observed that the pyramidal black pine, which is part of Turkey’s important biological richness, came close to become extinct. This study was carried out to investigate the drying of the pyramidal black pine in the specific Vakifkoy area having semi arid to humid climatic conditions on the one hand, and the effects of different thermal power plants on drying of the pyramidal black pine on the other hand. In addition, the study was designed to examine the effects of mistletoe on drying this plant and even the antimicrobial activities of this plant. As a result, we can conclude that the negative effects of semi arid climatic conditions, climatic variables, drought, mistletoe, silver factory and thermal power plants are still not clear on the pyramidal black pine trees. However, when the results of this study were compared with ampicillin (10 mcg) and nystatin (30 mcg) standards, it was found that extracts of pyramidal black pine were particularly found to possess stronger antimicrobial activity.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was designed to examine microbiology of water samples of Gölbasi lake and to assess the occurence of multiple antibiotic resistances in Escherichia coli from them. Total aerobic bacteria number in the lake was determined as 20x103 cfu ml-1and fecal coliforms were determined >1100 MPN/100ml. Collected water samples from four geographically dispersed stations were screened for the E.coli and assessed for their resistance to twelve different antibiotics, which are commonly encountered in the lake. Of the total 13 E.coli isolates, 0% were susceptible to all antibiotics. All of isolates were found resistant to Penicillin (P) (100%). Among the twelve antibiotics tested, four patterns of antibiotic resistance were obtained and all of them were multiple antibiotic resistance with the number of antibiotics ranging from 2 to 5. Three isolates had beta-lactamase detected by iodometric slide test. The results indicated that persistent use of antibiotics against human diseases and other life forms may pollute the lake water and their impact on developing antibiotic resistant E.coli may be a serious threat in both health and environment.
ABSTRACT
A total of 94 bacteria, associated with wild Achanthobrama marmid (Heckel, 1843) in Sir Dam lake of Turkey identified. Subsequently, selected isolates were characterized and identified to the genus level. The 94 members of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in the gills and intestines, and among the isolates, E. coli were represented at a rate of 55 %, Shigella spp. at a rate of 21 %, Salmonella spp. at a rate of 9%, Citrobacter spp. at a rate of 9%, Klebsiella spp. at a rate of 3% and Proteus spp., at a rate of 3%. A total of 94 bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals were isolated from total 47 of A. marmid samples and were investigated. Viable counts of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from gill and intestinal content samples showed high frequencies of resistance to Penicilline-G (KP) (68%), CZ (54%), FOX (48%), while the proportion of CRO (39%) and CTX (36%) resistance was low. In this research, heavy metal contamination in Sir Dam lake water samples and resistance frequency against heavy metals in isolated bacteria from gill and intestinal contents in A. marmid were investigated. Heavy metal contamination such as nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) determined diverse rate (except Mn) in water samples. The resistance frequency of the isolates was revealed different rate for the following heavy metals: Ni, Cd, Cu and Cr. When the concentration of heavy metals increased, the resistance against heavy metals in diverse genus of isolates in different rate decreased.
ABSTRACT
Kahramanmaras, is a developing city located in the southern part of Turkey Thymus eigii (M. Zohary and RH. Davis) Jalas, Pinus nigraAm. sub sp pallasiana and Cupressus sempervirens L. are the useful plants of the Kahramanmaras province and have been understudy since 2004 for the traditional uses of plants empiric drug, spice, herbal tea industry herbal gum and fuel. The study was designed to examine the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of these plants by the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. In addition, antimicrobial activity of Thymus eigii was researched by effects when it was used together with antibiotics and even when it was combined with other essential oils. When the results of this study were compared with vancomycin (30 mcg) and erytromycin (15 mcg) standards, it was found that Thymus eigii essential oil was particularly found to possess strongerantimicrobial activity whereas other essential oils showed susceptible or moderate activity However, antimicrobial activity changed also by in vitro interactions between antibiotics and Thymus eigii essential oil, also between essential oils of these plants and that of Thymus eigii causing synergic, additive, antagonist effect.