Trastornos de la alimentación en pacientes hospitalizados en un Servicio de Salud Mental Pediátrico / Eating behavior disorders in patients hospitalized in a Mental Health Service

INTRODUCTION: Los trastornos de la alimentación e ingesta (TAI) tienen una elevada prevalencia durante la adolescencia, asociándose a alta morbimortalidad. En nuestro país no existen datos que caractericen a los adolescentes con TAI que requieren hospitalización. OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar las hospitaliza ciones debidas a TAI en niños y adolescentes en un Servicio de Salud Mental Pediátrico (SSMP). PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se recolectaron los datos de los registros clínicos de pacientes con TAI hospitalizados en el SSMP del Hospital Roberto del Río entre 2005-2015. Se estudiaron las variables de ingreso: motivo de hospitalización, tipo de TAI, estado nutricional, repercusión sistémica y variables sicosociales (comorbilidades siquiátricas, funcionamiento de la familia, abuso e ideación/intento suicida). Para la comparación de variables cuantitativas entre grupos se utilizó el test t-Student y para variables categóricas chi-cuadrado o Test Fisher. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, me diana de edad 14,6 años, 84% género femenino. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue anorexia nerviosa (AN) (71%) y la causa más frecuente de hospitalización fue el fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio, seguido por ideación/intento suicida. Al ingreso, 40% de los pacientes presentaban déficit nutricio nal, 96% comorbilidad psiquiátrica y 88% disfunción familiar. CONCLUSIÓN: La AN fue el TAI más frecuente dentro de los pacientes hospitalizados y el fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio el principal motivo de ingreso. Esto último podría ser explicado, en parte, por la alta prevalencia de disfunción familiar y comorbilidad psiquiátrica de los pacientes y su familia, que estaría complicando el trata miento ambulatorio.

INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders (ED) have a high prevalence during adolescence, associated with high morbidity and mortality. In our country, there are no data that characterize adolescent inpatients with ED. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze hospitalizations of children and adolescents due to ED admitted in a Pediatric Mental Health Service (PMHS). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Data were collected from the clinical record of patients with ED hospitalized in the PMHS of the Hospital Roberto del Río during 2005-2015. The following admission variables were studied: cause for hospitalization, ED type, nu tritional status, systemic involvement, and psychosocial variables (psychiatric comorbidities, family functioning, abuse, and suicide ideation/attempt). The t-Student test was used for quantitative varia bles and the chi-square or Fisher Test for qualitative variables for the comparison between groups. RESULTS: 93 patients were included, with an average age of 14.6 years, 84% of them were women. The most frequent diagnosis was anorexia nervosa (AN) (71%) and the most frequent cause for hospita lization was the failure of outpatient treatment, followed by suicide ideation/attempt. At admission, 40% of the patients had malnutrition, 96% psychiatric comorbidity, and 88% family dysfunction. CONCLUSION: AN was the most frequent ED among inpatients and the failure of outpatient treatment was the main cause for hospitalization. The latter could be explained, in part, by the high prevalence of family dysfunction and psychiatric comorbidity of patients and their families which would com plicate outpatient treatment.

Evaluación de la densidad mineral ósea en niños con infección vertical por VIH / Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with vertical infection by HIV

Resumen Los cambios en la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) son comunes en adultos infectados con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Existen pocos estudios que evalúen el compromiso óseo en niños. Objetivo: Evaluar la DMO en niños infectados verticalmente por VIH. Métodos: Se estudiaron 53 niños infectados (8-18) de cinco hospitales. Se registró severidad de enfermedad, evaluación nutricional, vitamina D (25-OHD) y estado inmunológico. La DMO se midió mediante densitometría. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo, comparación de medias y regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Resultados: El 88,7% estaban en estadio B y C, 57% eran eutróficos y 18,9% tenían talla baja. El 33,3% presentaba niveles de 25-OHD < 20 ng/ml. El 11%, 6% y 4% de los niños tenían DMO < 2DE en cadera, columna y cuerpo entero, respectivamente. La DMO se correlacionó con IMC, talla, severidad de enfermedad y años de tratamiento. Sólo inhibidores de las proteasas (IP) mantuvieron su significancia al ajustar por otras variables. Conclusión: Los niños infectados con VIH tuvieron DMO más baja por edad comparados con datos de NHANES III. La severidad de la enfermedad, talla, zIMC, los años de tratamiento con anti-retrovirales, principalmente IP, están relacionados con la reducción de la masa ósea.

Changes in bone mineral density (BMD) are common in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are few studies evaluating bone involvement in children infected. Objective: To evaluate BMD in vertically HIV-infected children. Methods: We studied 53 infected children (8-18 years) from five hospitals. Disease status, nutritional assessment, vitamin D (25-OHD) levels and immunological status were recorded. BMD was measured by densitometry. Descriptive analysis, comparison of means and simple and multiple linear regression were used. Results: 88.7% children were in stage B and C, 57% were eutrophic and 18.9% had short stature. 33.3% had 25-OHD levels < 20 ng / ml. 11%, 6% and 4% of the children had BMD <-2DE in hip, spine and whole body respectively. BMD was correlated with BMI, height, disease stage and years of treatment. Only protease inhibitors (PIs) maintained their significance when adjusted for other variables. Conclusion: children infected with HIV had lower BMD by age compared to NHANES III data. The severity of the disease, height, zBMI, years of treatment with antiretrovirals, mainly IP, are related to the reduction of bone mass.

Estrés, afrontamiento y calidad de vida relacionada a la salud en mujeres con cáncer de mama

Este estudio examina la contribución que tienen el estrés traumático, el estrés percibido y el afrontamiento sobre los componentes físico y mental de la CVRS de 53 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de salud SF-36, el inventario de estimación del afrontamiento COPE, la escala de estrés percibido EEP y la adaptación peruana de la escala de estrés traumático. Se encontraron niveles promedio y altos de CVRS. La condición de migración, el tipo de tratamiento y el estrés traumático explican el 30% de la variabilidad del componente físico; mientras que, el estrés traumático, el estrés percibido y el estilo orientado a la emoción, explican el 43% de la variabilidad del componente mental.

This study analyzes the contribution that traumatic stress, perceived stress, and coping have on the variability of physical and metal components of the HRQoL of 53 women with breast cancer. The instruments used include the SF36 health survey, the COPE Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale PSS and the Peruvian adaptation of the traumatic stress scale. The analysis found medium and high levels of global HRQoL. The migration status, type of treatment and traumatic stress account for 30 % of the variability of the physical component of HRQoL, whereas traumatic stress, perceived stress and emotional oriented style account the 43% of the variability of the mental component.

Síndrome de Fanconi y raquitismo hipofosfatémico asociado al uso de tenofovir en una niña infectada con VIH / Tenofovir-associated Fanconi`s syndrome and rickets in a HIV infected girl

El tenofovir (TDF) es un inhibidor de la transcriptasa reversa análogo de nucleótidos, aunque tiene buena tolerabilidad y alta actividad antirretroviral, su efecto sobre el riñón ha sido un motivo de preocupación. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una niña infectada por VIH que presenta síntomas y hallazgos de laboratorio compatibles con un síndrome de Fanconi durante el tratamiento con TDF como parte de su terapia antirretroviral. Caso clínico: Niña infectada por el VIH-1, que después de 18 meses con el tratamiento con TDF presentó pérdida de fuerza y dolor de las extremidades inferiores con deterioro funcional. Los hallazgos de laboratorio fueron compatibles con el síndrome de Fanconi. Las radiografías mostraron fractura bilateral de cadera y muñecas. El síndrome de Fanconi se recuperó por completo cuatro meses después del cambio de terapia antirretroviral. Conclusiones: Los médicos que prescriben TDF deben estar preparados para detectar signos y síntomas indicativos de disfunción renal y considerar de inmediato el cambio del fármaco a otro antirretroviral.

Tenofovir (TDF) is an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase nucleotide analogue, although it has good tolerability and high anti-retroviral activity, its effect on the kidney has been a concern. Objective: To describe a girl infected with HIV who presented Fanconi syndrome during antiretroviral therapy with TDF. Clinical case: We describe a HIV-1-infected girl, who after 18 months treatment with TDF presented loss of strength and pain of the lower extremities with functional impairment. Laboratory findings were consistent with Fanconi syndrome. Radiographs showed bilateral hip fracture and wrists. Full recovery of Fanconi syndrome was achieved four months after changing antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: TDF-prescribing physicians must be prepared to detect signs and symptoms of renal dysfunction and immediately consider switching to another antiviral drug.

Mercurio en pescados y su importancia en la salud / Mercury in fish and its importance in health

The contamination of fish with methylmercury (MeHg) could hamper the health promoting properties of fish. Currently, there is strong evidence about the health benefits of seafood consumption. When consumed by the mother before and during pregnancy it improves neurodevelopment of infants and toddlers. Thereafter it reduces the risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. The benefits of fish are mainly due to its content of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Other constituents, such as high biological value proteins, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals and trace elements contribute to the benefits. On the other hand, there is also convincing evidence about the adverse effects of MeHg on neurodevelopment both during gestation and in early childhood. We herein review the effects of mercury on health. Based on international evidence and new data on the mercury content in Chilean fish, we also propose a recommendation for fish consumption for our population.

Calidad de grasa, arterioesclerosis y enfermedad coronaria: efectos de los ácidos grasos saturados y ácidos grasos trans / Quality of fat intake, atherosclerosis and coronary disease: effects of saturated and trans fatty acids

Epidemiological, clinical and metabolic research has shown a strong association between dietary fatty acids intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and clinical events. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) derived from industrial hydrogenation of oils have been associated with an increased prevalence of CVD. However experimental results on the relationship between physiological pathologic effects and specific functions of individual SFA are often contradictory. Therefore a more detailed exploration of the potential benefit and risks of specific saturated and trans fatty acids is needed in order to update dietary recommendations. In the case of TFAs, the deleterious effect on CVD has been well demonstrated and a maximum accepted level of 1 percent of total energy has been agreed internationally. What is currently under discussion is what would be the best alternative to replace them in the diet.