Apoyo y barreras sociales en el comportamiento alimentario de mujeres con obesidad / Support and social barriers received and given in the food behavior of obesity women

Resumen Una de las principales causas de la obesidad es la alimentación. La alimentación forma parte del medio social, y algunas de las variables sociales vinculadas con el bienestar y la salud son el apoyo y las barreras sociales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias en comportamiento alimentario, así como apoyo y barreras sociales recibidas y proporcionadas en mujeres con obesidad vs. normopeso en un contexto natural de alimentación. Participaron cinco mujeres con obesidad y cinco normopeso, quienes fueron videograbadas por cuatro días consecutivos durante el momento de la "comida" en su hogar. El alimento fue registrado y pesado; las conductas de alimentación, de apoyo y las barreras sociales fueron registradas a partir de catálogos de observación sistemática elaborados exprofeso. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres con obesidad ingirieron más frecuentemente, y en mayor cantidad, bebidas endulzadas, antojitos mexicanos fritos y comida rápida. Además, fueron objeto de más barreras instrumentales que les impedían alimentarse saludablemente. En conclusión, es necesario abordar el medio social en el que la alimentación tiene lugar, ya que el tipo de interacciones sociales pueden jugar un papel importante en la alimentación.

Abstract One of the main causes of obesity is food. Food is part of the social environment and some of the social variables that have been linked to well-being and health are support and social barriers. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the differences on eating behavior, support and social barriers received and given between obesity women vs. normal weight women in the natural feeding context. Five women with obesity and five with normal weight participated, who were videotaped with their consent four consecutive days during the feeding time of the "food" in their home; food was recorded and weighed. We recorded eating behaviors, and behaviors of support and social barriers from a systematic observation catalog prepared exprofeso. The results showed that women with obesity ingested a greater frequency and quantity of sweetened beverages, fried Mexican snacks and fast food. In addition, they received a greater frequency of instrumental barriers to eat healthy. In conclusion, it is necessary to address the social environment in which food takes place, since the type of social interactions may be playing an important role in food.

Profile of phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of sorrel in function of organic fertilization and density of plantio / Perfil de fitoquímica e atividade antioxidante de azedinha em função da adubação orgânica e densidade de plantio

The revival of non-conventional edible plants enables important gains in nutritional, social, cultural, economic, and environmental points of view. Among them, sorrel ­ Rumex acetosa L. ­ has been deemed pleasant by consumers due to its acid taste. As we do not have a lot of phytotechnical andnutritional information about this plant, the objective was to assess the influence of different spacing sets and cattle manure dosages on their physical-chemical characteristics and bioactive compounds content with antioxidant action. Randomized blocks with four repetitions was chosen as experimental design, using ascheme of subdivided plots, with five dosages of weather-beaten cattle manure in the plots and two sets of spacing in the subplots. Data was submitted to a variance analysis with two factors (two-way ANOVA). It was not verified any significant effect (P>0.05) in the interaction Dosage x Spacing. Fertilization dosages and spacing sets did not have any effect on color and total soluble solids average contents, humidity, titratable acidity, and phenolic compounds. Increasing dosages of organic fertilizer, up to 75 kg ha-1, reduced the plant's pH; above that amount, pH rose. Presence of anthocyanins and vitamin C was not detected. The total carotenoids average content was not influenced by the manure factor, and the plant presented greater total carotenoids content in the smallest spacing. Antioxidant activity [1.0 mg mL-1], although inferior to the standards that were used (BHT, vitamin C and quercetin), was quite representative. A conclusion was reached that fertilizing with weather-beaten cattle manure had an effect only on pH, and cropping spacing had an influence only on carotenoids content. Other phytochemicals and physical-chemical characteristics were not influenced in sorrel plants with different levels of fertilization and sets of spacing.

O resgate das plantas comestíveis não convencionais possibilita ganhos importantes do ponto de vista nutricional, social, cultural, econômico e ambiental. Dentre estas, a azedinha, Rumex acetosa L. tem agradado o consumidor por seu sabor ácido. Como são poucas as informações fitotécnicas e nutricionais sobre esta planta objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos e doses de esterco bovino em suas características físico-químicas e no teor de compostos bioativos com função antioxidante. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo cinco doses de esterco curtido de gado nas parcelas e dois espaçamentos nas subparcelas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com dois fatores (two-way ANOVA). Não foi constatado efeito significativo (P>0,05) da interação Dose x Espaçamento. As doses de adubação e espaçamentos não afetaram a cor e os teores médios de sólidos solúveis totais, umidade, acidez titulável e compostos fenólicos. Doses crescentes de adubo orgânico, até 75 kg ha-1, reduziram o pH da planta, acima deste valor o pH elevou-se. Não foi detectada a presença de antocianinas e vitamina C. O teor médio de carotenoides totais não foi influenciado pelo fator esterco e no menor espaçamento a planta apresentou maior teor de carotenoides totais. A atividade antioxidante [1,0 mg mL-1], apesar de inferior aos padrões utilizados (BHT, vitamina C e quercetina), foi bastante representativa. Concluiu-se que a adubação com esterco de gado curtido afetou apenas o pH e que o espaçamento de cultivo exerceu influência apenas teor de carotenoides. Os demais fitoquímicos e características físico-químicas não foram influenciadas em plantas de azedinha com diferentes níveis de adubação e de espaçamento

Prácticas alimentarias parentales y su relación con la conducta alimentaria infantil: Problemas para la explicación / Parental feeding practices and their relation to child eating behavior: Problems for explanation

Resumen Desde la infancia, las prácticas alimentarias parentales (PAP) influyen en el aprendizaje del comer saludablemente. Sin embargo, la terminología inconsistente y la falta de descripciones claras de las PAP obstaculizan la comprensión de su influencia en dicho aprendizaje. A partir de una revisión selectiva de artículos científicos que incluyeron descripciones de las PAP y su relación con algún aspecto de la conducta alimentaria infantil (CAI), se buscó analizar las descripciones conductuales planteadas en la literatura durante la última década (2006-2016), con el propósito de clarificar las relaciones documentadas entre éstas y la CAI. Los resultados fueron categorizados a partir de las relaciones planteadas entre las PAP y algunos de los retos principales que el tópico de la CAI, como son: la aceptación de alimentos nuevos, el desarrollo de preferencias alimentarias y la autorregulación alimentaria. Los resultados reflejan algunas PAP asociadas tanto a conductas alimentarias deseables como indeseables para la salud de los niños. La confusión en la terminología y la falta de consistencia en las descripciones conductuales de las PAP, así como las explicaciones sobre los mecanismos por los cuales tales prácticas influyen en la CAI son todavía desconocidas. Se proponen algunas consideraciones a retomar en investigaciones futuras.

Abstract Parental feeding practices influence the learning of healthy eating since childhood. But the lack of clear descriptions and inconsistent terminology of such practices hampers the understanding of their influence on such learning. From a selected review of scientific articles that included descriptions of parental feeding practices and relationships with any aspect of children's eating behavior, we analyzed the behavioral descriptions stated in literature during the last decade (2006-2016) with the purpose to clarify relations among these and the children's eating behavior. The results were categorized based on the relationships between feeding practices and the challenges in infant feeding behavior such as acceptance of new foods, development of food preferences, and food self-regulation. The results reflect some practices associated with both desirable and undesirable children's eating behavior. Confusion in terminology and lack of consistency in behavioral descriptions of parental feeding practices and explanations of the mechanisms of such practices are still unknown. Some considerations are proposed for future research.

Hiv and hcv coiffection: prevalence, associatedfactors and genotype characteriization in the midwest region of Brazil / Coinfecção HIV e HCV: prevalência, fatores associados e caracterização dos genótipos na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

A cross-sectional study on prevalence, associated factors and genotype distribution of HCV infection was conducted among 848 HIV-infected patients recruited at reference centers in the Midwest Region of Brazil. The prevalence rate of HIV-HCV coinfection was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.2 to 8.6). In multivariable analysis, increasing age, use of illicit drugs (injection and non-injection), a history of blood transfusion before 1994, and the absence of a steady partnership were significant independent associated factors for HIV-HCV coinfection. The phylogenetic analysis based on the NS5B region revealed the presence of two major circulating genotypes of HCV: genotypes 1 (58.3%) and 3 (41.7%). The prevalence of HIV-HCV coinfection was lower than those reported in studies conducted with HIV-infected patients in different regions of Brazil, due to the fact that illicit drug use is not a frequent mode of HIV transmission in this region of Brazil. Serologic screening of HIV-patients for HCV before initiating antiretroviral treatment, a comprehensive identification of associated factors, and the implementation of effective harm reduction programs are highly recommended to provide useful information for treatment and to prevent HCV coinfection in these patients.

Estudo transversal sobre a prevalência, fatores associados e distribuição dos genótipos do HCV foi realizado em 848 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, recrutados em centros de referência na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. A taxa de prevalência de coinfecção HIV-HCV foi de 6,9% (IC 95%: 5,2-8,6). Na análise multivariada, o aumento da idade, o uso de drogas ilícitas (injetáveis e não injetáveis), história de transfusão de sangue antes de 1994, e ausência de companheiro constante foram fatores associados independentes e significativos para a coinfecção HIV-HCV. A análise filogenética baseada na região NS5B revelou a presença de dois principais genótipos do HCV em circulação: genótipos 1 (58,3%) e 3 (41,7%). A prevalência da coinfecção HIV-HCV foi menor do que as relatadas em estudos realizados com pacientes infectados pelo HIV em diferentes regiões do Brasil, devido ao fato de que o uso de drogas ilícitas não é modo frequente de transmissão do HIV neste Estado do Brasil. Triagem sorológica de pacientes HIV-positivos para HCV antes de iniciar o tratamento antirretroviral, identificação completa dos fatores associados e a implementação de programas eficazes de redução de danos são altamente recomendados para fornecer informações úteis, para o tratamento e para evitar a coinfecção com HCV nestes pacientes.

Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis B infection among HIV-infected patients in the State of MS, Central Brazil

Objectives: A cross-sectional study on prevalence of HBV and HDV infection, risk factors and genotype distribution of HBV infection was conducted among 848 HIV-infected patients in Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. Methods: Serum samples of 848 participants were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and hepatitis surface antibody (anti-HBs). HBsAg positive samples were tested for anti-HBc IgM, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HCV, and total anti-HDV. HBsAg and anti-HBc positive were subjected to DNA extraction. Viral DNA was amplified by semi-nested PCR for the regions pre-S/S and then purified and genotyped/subgenotyped by direct sequencing. Student's t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare variables and to evaluate association between HBV positivity (defined as anti-HBc and/or HBsAg positivity) and risk factors. Results: Among the 848 HIV infected patients investigated 222 had serological markers of HBV infection. The prevalence rate of HIV-HBV coinfection was 2.5% (21/848; 95% CI: 1.4–3.5%); 484 (57.1%) patients were susceptible for HBV infection. There were no cases of anti-HDV positive and only one (0.1%) anti-HCV-positive case among the HIV-HBV coinfected patients. Male gender, increasing age, family history of hepatitis, use of illicit drug, and homosexual activity were independent factors associated with HBV exposure. The phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene region revealed the presence of genotypes D (76.9%), F (15.4%) and A (7.7%) in the study sample. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the low prevalence of HIV-HBV infection and also highlights the need for early vaccination against HBV as well as testing for HBV, HCV and HDV in all HIV-infected individuals. .

Decrease in hepatitis B prevalence among blood donors in Central-West Brazil

Background: The aim of the present study was to estimate hepatitis B virus seroprevalence among first-time blood donors in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the central-western region of Brazil. Findings: A retrospective analysis of first-time voluntary blood donor records, from January 2010 to December 2010, was conducted at the Hematology Center of Mato Grosso do Sul. The prevalence of the HBsAg and anti-HBc serological markers and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Chi-square analysis was performed between the seroprevalence previously found in 2001 and the one determined by the current study. Results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Among 8,840 subjects, 269 (3.04%, 95% CI: 2.7-3.4) were positive for HBV markers. The prevalence rate of HBsAg was 0.19% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3) and anti-HBc alone was 2.85% (95% CI: 2.5-3.2). Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference regarding gender. However, an important association was observed between HBV infection and older age (p < 0.01). The seroprevalence of HBV infection in first-time blood donors diminished from 2001 to 2010 (p < 0.01). Such decrease suggests an improvement in the recruitment of safe donors, the positive impact of vaccination programs and the decreasing of HBV infection prevalence in the general population.

Decrease in hepatitis B prevalence among blood donors in Central-West Brazil

The aim of the present study was to estimate hepatitis B virus seroprevalence among first-time blood donors in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the central-western region of Brazil. Findings A retrospective analysis of first-time voluntary blood donor records, from January 2010 to December 2010, was conducted at the Hematology Center of Mato Grosso do Sul. The prevalence of the HBsAg and anti-HBc serological markers and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Chi-square analysis was performed between the seroprevalence previously found in 2001 and the one determined by the current study. Results were considered statistically significant if p< 0.05. Among 8,840 subjects, 269 (3.04%, 95% CI: 2.7-3.4) were positive for HBV markers. The prevalence rate of HBsAg was 0.19% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3) and anti-HBc alone was 2.85% (95% CI: 2.5-3.2). Conclusions There was no statistically significant difference regarding gender. However, an important association was observed between HBV infection and older age (p< 0.01). The seroprevalence of HBV infection in first-time blood donors diminished from 2001 to 2010 (p< 0.01). Such decrease suggests an improvement in the recruitment of safe donors, the positive impact of vaccination programs and the decreasing of HBV infection prevalence in the general population.

Efectos de la exposición a diferentes criterios de logro en la elaboración de preguntas informales / Effects of exposure to different achievement criteria on the elaboration of informal questions / Efeitos da exposição a diferentes critérios de logro na construção de perguntas informais

Se evaluó el efecto de proporcionar información diferencial del criterio de logro (definido como la especificación de los requisitos que el individuo debe cumplir o ante los cuales debe ajustarse) al elaborar preguntas informales relacionadas con la vida cotidiana, las cuales para su formulación no requieren de un entrenamiento especializado. Estudios previos han indicado la necesidad de evaluar las condiciones que favorecen la elaboración de preguntas pertinentes en diferentes contextos. Uno de los elementos necesarios para ello puede ser la especificación previa de los requisitos que deben cumplir las preguntas a elaborar (especificación del criterio de logro). El diseño experimental implicó la exposición de los sujetos a especificidades diferenciales del criterio de logro. Participaron 60 estudiantes de preparatoria, licenciatura y posgrado. Los resultados indicaron que los grupos que se expusieron a criterios más específicos elaboraron un mayor número de preguntas, y éstas fueron más pertinentes a la situación. El mejor desempeño fue el de los participantes de posgrado y licenciatura. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de las implicaciones que el ser capaz de elaborar preguntas pertinentes puede tener en los contextos académicos.

The effect of providing differential information regarding achievement criteria while making informal questions related to everyday life and whose formulation does not require a specialized training was evaluated. Achievement criteria defined as the specification of the requirements an individual must meet or to which he should adjust .Previous studies have indicated the need to evaluate the conditions that allow the development of question-asking skills in different contexts. One of the necessary elements of this task may be the previous specification of the criteria a question must meet (specification of the achievement criteria). The experimental design involved the exposure to different achievement criteria. Participants were 60 students from high school, as well as college undergraduate and graduate students. Results indicated that the groups exposed to the more specific criteria developed a greater number of questions, and these were more relevant to the situation. Undergraduate and graduate students performed more effectively than the high-school ones. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of being able to pose pertinent questions (in academic contexts).

Avaliou-se o efeito de prover informação diferencial do critério de logro (definido como a especificação dos requisitos que o indivíduo deve cumprir ou aos que deve submeter-se) ao construir perguntas informais relacionadas com o dia a dia, que não exigem treinamento especializado. Estudos prévios indicam a necessidade de avaliar as condições que favorecem a construção de perguntas pertinentes em diversos contextos. Um elemento necessário para lográ-lo pode ser a especificação prévia dos requisitos que devem cumprir as perguntas que vão a elaborar-se (especificação do critério de logro). O desenho experimental implicou a exposição dos sujeitos a especificidades diferenciais do critério de logro. Participaram 60 estudantes de ensino secundário, licenciatura e pós-grado. Os achados indicaram que os grupos expostos a critérios mais específicos construíram o maior numero de perguntas, e mais pertinentes à situação. Os estudantes de licenciatura e pós-grado desempenharam-se melhor. Os resultados discutem-se à luz das implicações que ser capaz de construir perguntas pertinentes pode ter nos contextos acadêmicos.

Principales factores etiológicos de la hemorragia posparto inmediata / Main etiologic factors of the immediate postpartum hemorrhage

Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, y estadístico, cuyo objetivo fue dar a conocer cual es la causa etiológica más frecuente de la hemorragia posparto inmediata (HPPI); su prevalencia por año; la frecuencia según el grupo etáreo; de acuerdo a la paridad; conocer cuál es la media de edad de HPPI según la etiología, conocer el tipo de etiología según vía de finalización y paridad. En el mes de marzo de 1998 de 196 partos ya sea por vía vaginal o abdominal se presentaron nueve casos de Hemorragia Posparto Inmediato (HPPI), de esta cantidad de pacientes tres recibieron transfusiones y cuatro permanecieron hospitalizados por más de cuatro días. La HPPI mundialmente tiene una incidencia de 5-8 por ciento...

Attitudes of health professionals towards prescribing psychodrugs

El desarrollo de los psicofármacos ha representado un avance importante en el tratamiento de las enfermedades mentales. Sin embargo éstos no han sido bien aceptados por los pacientes y sus familiares. La población en su mayoría no tiene conocimientos sobre su eficiencia, y las experiencias negativas dadas por otros pacientes contribuyen a que sean considerados como medicamentos peligrosos que provocan dependencia. Los estudios reportan que existe una imagen negativa de los psicofármacos, refiriendo, en general, que son tranquilizantes y que tienen efectos secundarios peligrosos. Hay pocos estudios sobre la opinión de los profesionales de la salud, por lo que en este estudio se trató de analizar la actitud hacia los psicofármacos de los profesionales de la salud: psiquiatras, médicos no psiquiatras y psicólogos, así como la preferencia de tratamientos farmacológicos o psicoterapéuticos para las diferentes enfermedades mentales, indicando, en general, que existe preferencia por la combinación de tratamiento y sólo el grupo de psicólogos se inclina únicamente por el tratamiento psicoterapéutico en algunas patologías

A double-blind comparison of nefazodone and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients

Antecedentes. La nefazodona es una antidepresivo desarrollado recientemente, que ha demostrado poseer una eficacia similar a la de los antidepresivos tricíclicos y a la de algunos de los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptura de la serotonina (ISRS). También ha demostrado tener mayor tolerancia que los tricíclicos y similar a la de los de los ISRS. Sin embargo, hasta este momento no han aparecido reportes en los que se les compare específicamente con la fluoxetina. Debido a que este último antidepresivo se utiliza de manera muy extendida alrededor del mundo, su comparación con la nefazodona por medio de un estudi clínico controlado, es de gran interés. Metodología. Un total de 74 pacientes de la consulta externa, diagnosticados como portadores de un episodio depresivo mayor de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-III-R, fue reclutado para participar en un ensayo clínico con el objetivo de comparar la eficacia y la tolerancia entre la nefazodona y la fluoxetina. El estudio se llevó a cabo por medio de un procedimiento doble-ciego con asignación aleatoria de medicamento en dos grupos paralelos. Las evaluaciones se efectuaron con una periodicidad semanal, en las cuales se hizo una valoración clínica globar de cada paciente, que incluía la aplicación de las escalas de Hamilton para depresión (EDH) y ansiedad (EAH), la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global (ICG) y la Evaluación Global del Paciente (EGP) para determinar la eficacia del tratamiento. La tolerancia y seguridad de los tratamientos se compraró con la aplicación de escalas pertinentes para ello. El análisis de los resultados se efectuó utilizando dos procedimientos: el procedimiento de acarreo de la última observación (AUO) y el de los datos agrupados de cada visita. Los datos se analizaron por medio de un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas, con la finalidad de buscar diferencias entre los dos tratamientos, partiendo del momento del inicio (periodo basal) y a lo largo de las semanas consecutivas de tratamiento. Resultados. Treinta y siete pacientes recibieron fluoxetina (dosis diaria promedio 24 mgs) y 37 recibieron nefazodona (dosis diaria promedio 400 mgs), sin embargo un paciente del grupo de la nefazodona no alcanzó a tener por lo menos una evaluación de eficacia a lo largo del estudio, por lo que se excluyó del análisis