Ambulation capacity, age, immunosuppression, and mechanical ventilation are risk factors of in-hospital death in severe COVID-19: a cohort study

Abstract Importance: Despite ambulation capacity being associated with a decreased level of physical activity and survival may be influenced by the functional capacity, studies have not addressed the association between ambulation capacity and death in patients hospitalized by COVID-19. Objective: To verify the functional, clinical, and sociodemographic risk factors associated with in-hospital death in individuals with severe COVID-19. Methods: It is a cohort retrospective study performed at a large tertiary hospital. Patients 18 years of age or more, of both sexes, hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 were included. Cases with dubious medical records and/or missing essential data were excluded. Patients were classified according to their ambulation capacity before the COVID-19 infection. Information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, in-hospital death, total hospital stays, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stays, and the necessity of Mechanical Ventilation (MV) were collected from medical records and registered in a RedCap database. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify possible factors associated with the in-hospital death rate. Results: Data from 1110 participants were included in the statistical analysis. The median age of the patients was 57 (46‒66) years, 58.42% (n = 590) were male, and 61.73% (n = 602) were brown or black. The case fatality rate during hospitalization was 36.0% (n = 363). In-hospital death was associated with ambulation capacity; dependent ambulators (OR = 2.3; CI 95% = 1.2-4.4) and non-functional ambulation (OR = 1.9; CI 95% = 1.1-3.3), age [older adults (OR = 3.0; CI 95% = 1.9‒4.), ICU stays (OR = 1.4; CI 95% = 1.2‒1.4), immunosuppression (OR = 5.5 CI 95% = 2.3‒13.5) and mechanical ventilation (OR = 27.5; CI 95% = 12.0-62.9). Conclusion and relevance: Decreased ambulation capacity, age, length of ICU stay, immunosuppression, and mechanical ventilation was associated with a high risk of in-hospital death due to COVID-19.

Desfechos tardios de sobreviventes de ensaio clínico randomizado controlado (protocolo ARDSnet vs. Open Lung Approach para o manejo ventilatório da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderado-grave) / Long-term outcomes in moderate/severe acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors included in a randomized clinical trial (ARDSnet protocol vs. Open Lung Approach)

Apesar da utilização da ventilação mecânica protetora como estratégia para o tratamento da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, ao menos um quarto dos pacientes com essa síndrome ainda apresentam redução na função pulmonar após 6 meses de seguimento. Não se sabe se esta redução está relacionada com a gravidade da síndrome ou associada com a forma de ventilar o paciente. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre alterações funcionais e estruturais do pulmão com parâmetros de gravidade clínica e de ventilação mecânica. Foi realizada uma análise secundária dos dados obtidos em estudo randomizado e controlado que incluiu pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada/grave, internados em seis unidades de terapia intensiva em um hospital terciário da cidade de São Paulo. Foram analisados dados de pacientes que tinham ao menos um teste de função pulmonar no seguimento. O teste funcional incluiu a medida da capacidade vital forçada, volumes pulmonares e a capacidade de difusão do monóxido de carbono após 1, 2 e 6 meses de seguimento. Foram considerados variáveis independentes o volume corrente, a pressão de distensão e a pressão positiva ao final da expiração (todos medidos após 24 horas da randomização) e um sistema de classificação de prognóstico (APACHE II), a relação PaO2/FIO2 e a complacência respiratória estática (todos medidos antes da randomização). Também foi realizada tomografia de alta resolução do tórax juntamente com os testes de função pulmonar, e posterior análise quantitativa das imagens. Na avaliação de 6 meses também foi realizado teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e um questionário de qualidade de vida (SF-36). Um total de 21 pacientes realizaram o teste de função pulmonar após 1 mês e 15 pacientes realizaram após 2 e 6 meses de seguimento. A capacidade vital forçada foi relacionada inversamente com a pressão de distensão na avaliação de 1, 2 e 6 meses (p < 0,01). A capacidade de difusão do monóxido de...

Even after lung-protective ventilation had become the standard of care for acute respiratory distress syndrome, about 25% of moderate/severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients present reduction in lung function at 6 months of follow-up. It is not known whether this reduction is related to the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome or associated with mechanical ventilation strategy. Our aim was to evaluate the association between the functional impairment and mechanical ventilation. We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in acute respiratory distress syndrome that included patients with moderate/severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in six intensive care units at an academic tertiary hospital. Were analyzed data from patients who had at least one pulmonary function test at the follow-up. A pulmonary function test that included forced vital capacity, lung volumes and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was performed at one, two and six months of follow-up. We considered as independent risk factors tidal volume, driving pressure and positive end expiratory pressure (all measured 24 hours after randomization), and a severity of disease classification system (APACHE II), the PaO2/FIO2 ratio and static respiratory compliance (all measured before randomization). We performed also a high-resolution computed tomography of the lungs in the same time of the pulmonary function test if it was possible with a quantitative analysis. At 6 months after acute respiratory distress syndrome, a six minute walk test and a quality of life questionnaire (short form-36 questionnaire) were performed. A total of 21 patients performed the test after one month and 15 patients performed after 2 and 6 months follow-up. At one, two and six months, forced vital capacity was related to driving pressure (p < 0.01). Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was related to driving pressure (p < 0.01) and to APACHE II (p < 0.01)...

Recomendações brasileiras de ventilação mecânica 2013. Parte 2 / Brazilian recommendations of mechanical ventilation 2013. Part 2

O suporte ventilatório artificial invasivo e não invasivo ao paciente grave tem evoluído e inúmeras evidências têm surgido, podendo ter impacto na melhora da sobrevida e da qualidade do atendimento oferecido nas unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil. Isto posto, a Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) - representadas por seu Comitê de Ventilação Mecânica e sua Comissão de Terapia Intensiva, respectivamente, decidiram revisar a literatura e preparar recomendações sobre ventilação mecânica, objetivando oferecer aos associados um documento orientador das melhores práticas da ventilação mecânica na beira do leito, com base nas evidências existentes, sobre os 29 subtemas selecionados como mais relevantes no assunto. O projeto envolveu etapas que visaram distribuir os subtemas relevantes ao assunto entre experts indicados por ambas as sociedades, que tivessem publicações recentes no assunto e/ou atividades relevantes em ensino e pesquisa no Brasil, na área de ventilação mecânica. Esses profissionais, divididos por subtemas em duplas, responsabilizaram-se por fazer uma extensa revisão da literatura mundial. Reuniram-se todos no Fórum de Ventilação Mecânica, na sede da AMIB, na cidade de São Paulo (SP), em 3 e 4 de agosto de 2013, para finalização conjunta do texto de cada subtema e apresentação, apreciação, discussão e aprovação em plenária pelos 58 participantes, permitindo a elaboração de um documento final.

Perspectives on invasive and noninvasive ventilatory support for critically ill patients are evolving, as much evidence indicates that ventilation may have positive effects on patient survival and the quality of the care provided in intensive care units in Brazil. For those reasons, the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB) and the Brazilian Thoracic Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia - SBPT), represented by the Mechanical Ventilation Committee and the Commission of Intensive Therapy, respectively, decided to review the literature and draft recommendations for mechanical ventilation with the goal of creating a document for bedside guidance as to the best practices on mechanical ventilation available to their members. The document was based on the available evidence regarding 29 subtopics selected as the most relevant for the subject of interest. The project was developed in several stages, during which the selected topics were distributed among experts recommended by both societies with recent publications on the subject of interest and/or significant teaching and research activity in the field of mechanical ventilation in Brazil. The experts were divided into pairs that were charged with performing a thorough review of the international literature on each topic. All the experts met at the Forum on Mechanical Ventilation, which was held at the headquarters of AMIB in São Paulo on August 3 and 4, 2013, to collaboratively draft the final text corresponding to each sub-topic, which was presented to, appraised, discussed and approved in a plenary session that included all 58 participants and aimed to create the final document.

Recomendações brasileiras de ventilação mecânica 2013. Parte I / Brazilian recommendations of mechanical ventilation 2013. Part I

O suporte ventilatório artificial invasivo e não invasivo ao paciente crítico tem evoluído e inúmeras evidências têm surgido, podendo ter impacto na melhora da sobrevida e da qualidade do atendimento oferecido nas unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil. Isto posto, a Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumonia e Tisiologia (SBPT) - representadas pelo seus Comitê de Ventilação Mecânica e Comissão de Terapia Intensiva, respectivamente, decidiram revisar a literatura e preparar recomendações sobre ventilação mecânica objetivando oferecer aos associados um documento orientador das melhores práticas da ventilação mecânica na beira do leito, baseado nas evidencias existentes, sobre os 29 subtemas selecionados como mais relevantes no assunto. O projeto envolveu etapas visando distribuir os subtemas relevantes ao assunto entre experts indicados por ambas as sociedades que tivessem publicações recentes no assunto e/ou atividades relevantes em ensino e pesquisa no Brasil na área de ventilação mecânica. Esses profissionais, divididos por subtemas em duplas, responsabilizaram-se por fazer revisão extensa da literatura mundial sobre cada subtema. Reuniram-se todos no Forum de Ventilação Mecânica na sede da AMIB em São Paulo, em 03 e 04 de agosto de 2013 para finalização conjunta do texto de cada subtema e apresentação, apreciação, discussão e aprovação em plenária pelos 58 participantes, permitindo a elaboração de um documento final.

Perspectives on invasive and noninvasive ventilatory support for critically ill patients are evolving, as much evidence indicates that ventilation may have positive effects on patient survival and the quality of the care provided in intensive care units in Brazil. For those reasons, the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB) and the Brazilian Thoracic Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumonia e Tisiologia - SBPT), represented by the Mechanical Ventilation Committee and the Commission of Intensive Therapy, respectively, decided to review the literature and draft recommendations for mechanical ventilation with the goal of creating a document for bedside guidance as to the best practices on mechanical ventilation available to their members. The document was based on the available evidence regarding 29 subtopics selected as the most relevant for the subject of interest. The project was developed in several stages, during which the selected topics were distributed among experts recommended by both societies with recent publications on the subject of interest and/or significant teaching and research activity in the field of mechanical ventilation in Brazil. The experts were divided into pairs that were charged with performing a thorough review of the international literature on each topic. All the experts met at the Forum on Mechanical Ventilation, which was held at the headquarters of AMIB in São Paulo on August 3 and 4, 2013, to collaboratively draft the final text corresponding to each sub-topic, which was presented to, appraised, discussed and approved in a plenary session that included all 58 participants and aimed to create the final document.

Infection as an independent risk factor for mortality in the surgical intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: Medical and surgical intensive care unit patients represent two different populations and require different treatment approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters associated with mortality in medical and surgical intensive care units. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of adult patients admitted to a medical and surgical intensive care unit teaching hospital over an 11-month period. Factors associated with mortality were explored using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 827 admissions were observed, and 525 patients >18 years old and with a length of stay >24 h were analyzed. Of these patients, 227 were in the medical and 298 were in the surgical intensive care unit. The surgical patients were older (p<0.01) and had shorter lengths of stay (p<0.01). The mortality in the intensive care unit (35.1 vs. 26.2, p = 0.02) and hospital (48.8 vs. 35.5, p<0.01) was higher for medical patients. For patients in the surgical intensive care unit, death was independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, prognostic score (SAPS II), community-acquired infection, nosocomial infection, and intensive care unit-acquired infection. For patients in the medical intensive care unit, death was independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation and prognostic score. CONCLUSIONS: Although the presence of infection is associated with a high mortality in both the medical and surgical intensive care units, the results of this prospective study suggest that infection has a greater impact in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. Measures and trials to prevent and treat sepsis may be most effective in the surgical intensive care unit population. .

Impacto da exibição de filme educativo, de modificações no inalador de pó e na bula sobre a capacidade de manuseio do dispositivo por indivíduos sadios / Impact that display an educational film, changes in powder inhaler device and in the instructions given to the patient have on the inhaler handling skill

Objetivo: Determinar o impacto que a exibição de um filme educativo, demonstrando a utilização de dispositivo inalatório de pó, mudanças no dispositivo e na bula fornecida ao paciente, teria sobre a capacidade de manuseio do inalador.Métodos: Em estudo observacional e cruzado, 88 entrevistados que nunca utilizaram nenhum dispositivo inalatório avaliaram dois dispositivos e suas respectivas bulas: um dispositivo e bula já comercializados (Formare® Atual) em comparação com um dispositivo e bula modificados com base em pesquisa de opinião prévia (Formare® Novo). Ao final, um vídeo demonstrando a utilização do dispositivo de Formare® Novo foi exibido e uma nova avaliação era realizada.Resultados: A modificação no dispositivo (maior facilidade para abrir a tampa e perfurar a cápsula) reduziu o número de pacientes com dificuldade para manipular o inalador de 35,2 para 15,9% (p = 0,003). O uso de linguagem mais objetiva e a introdução de mais figuras ilustrativas na bula aumentaram a porcentagem de pacientes que consideraram muito fácil manipular o inalador com base na bula de 50,0% para 80,7% (p < 0,001). A utilização de filme demonstrando o uso do inalador reduziu ainda mais a porcentagem de entrevistados com dificuldade para manipulá-lo (de 15,9% para 5,7%, p = 0,029).Conclusões: Dispositivos mais convenientes aos pacientes, bulas mais ilustradas e objetivas e vídeos educativos demonstrando a utilização dos inaladores são formas de facilitar o uso de dispositivos inalatórios pelos pacientes.

Follow-up after acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza a (H1N1) virus infection

BACKGROUND: There are no reports on the long-term follow-up of patients with swine-origin influenza A virus infection that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS: Four patients were prospectively followed up with pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography for six months after admission to an intensive care unit. RESULTS: Pulmonary function test results assessed two months after admission to the intensive care unit showed reduced forced vital capacity in all patients and low diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide in two patients. At six months, pulmonary function test results were available for three patients. Two patients continued to have a restrictive pattern, and none of the patients presented with abnormal diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. All of them had a diffuse ground-glass pattern on high-resolution computed tomography that improved after six months. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the marked severity of lung disease at admission, patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by swine-origin influenza A virus infection presented a late but substantial recovery over six months of follow-up.

Pneumonia aspirativa associada a alterações da deglutição: relato de caso / Aspirative pneumonia associated to swallowing dysfunction: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os pacientes criticamente enfermos representam uma população com múltiplos fatores de risco para aspiração. Associa-se a essa complicação a redução do estado de consciência, ventilação mecânica e comorbidades como o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), freqüentemente presente nos pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). A identificação das alterações da deglutição pode auxiliar na detecção de pacientes com alto risco de aspiração, prevenindo complicações pulmonares como a pneumonia aspirativa. O objetivo deste relato foi mostrar um caso de broncopneumonia aspirativa recorrente grave, após acidente vascular encefálico agudo e intubação traqueal, alertando para a necessidade do diagnóstico e do tratamento adequados nestes pacientes. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 57 anos internado no hospital por AVE, evoluiu após 10 dias de internação com quadr o de pneumonia aspirativa, necessitando de intubação traqueal e transferência para a UTI. Permaneceu intubado por quatro dias, e logo após a extubação evoluiu com progressivo infiltrado pulmonar relacionado a novos episódios de aspiração. A avaliação fonoaudiológica na UTI classificou o paciente como portador de disfagia orofaríngea grave, com risco para penetração e aspiração laringotraqueal. Recebeu alta da UTI após 13 dias, porém na enfermaria evoluiu com novo quadro aspirativo após oito dias, necessitando de re-internação na UTI e prolongada internação hospitalar. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes internados em UTI devem ter seu risco para alterações de deglutição e de aspiração identificado para que medidas preventivas possam ser instituídas, evitando-se a morbidade e a mortalidade associada à aspiração.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Critically ill patients represent a population with multiple risk factors for aspiration. Features such as decreased level of consciousness, mechanical ventilation, and comorbities as stroke, correlate with this increased threat in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Recognition of deglutition dysfunction may identify patients at high risk of aspiration, and thereby help to avoid pulmonary complications such as recurrent pneumonia. The goal of our report is show a severe case of recurrent aspirative pneumonia after acute stroke and intubation, alerting to appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this condition. CASE REPORT: A male patient, 57 year old, was admitted to the hospital because of acute stroke. Ten days later, the patient began to have fever and severe shortness of breath. He was admitted to the ICU necessitating of intratracheal intubation. Four days after intubation he was extubated, however, he had a new aspirative pneumonia in ICU, newly treated. An evaluation of swallowing demonstrated a severe deglutition dysfunction with a high risk of aspiration. The patient was transferred, but aspirative pneumonia was diagnosed eight days after his ICU discharge and he was readmitted, stayed for a long time in ICU and presenting severe morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: ICU patients who are at risk for swallowing dysfunction and aspiration should be identified to prevent their associated morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING:A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of Säo Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69 percent) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57 percent) for treatment, and 15 (12 percent) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8 percent), non- intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3 percent), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6 percent). Eleven patients (15.3 percent) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5 percent). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8 percent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4 percent), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9 percent; [100 percent resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8 percent. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7 percent. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p=0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms)...

Efeitos cardiovasculares dos agentes anestesicos / Cardiovascular effects of anesthetic agents

Uma meta importante em anestesia e a manutencao de condicoes hemodinamicas estaveis e satisfatorias, tendo em vista os problemas que a instabilidade hemodinamica pode causar ao paciente. Desta forma, e importante o conhecimento da acao dos diversos anestesicos utilizados sobre o sistema cardiocirculatorio, para que a proposta anestesica resulte em anestesia adequada...