Short term effect of yoga asana - An adjunct therapy to conventional treatment in frozen shoulder

Background: The available treatments for frozen shoulder yield variable results. Physical therapy andanalgesics are considered as the first-line treatment for this disorder, but the effects are not uniform.There is some evidence to support that alternative medicine may have a role in its management.Objective(s): This study was designed to examine the short-term effects of yoga therapy in patients withfrozen shoulder of mild to moderate severity.Materials and methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted on patients with frozenshoulder between 30 and 60 years of age. They were divided into two groups: yoga (Y) and control (NY).A set of Asana exercises called “Standing Group of Asana” was practiced by the yoga group in addition tothe conventional therapy as received by the control group. The patients were reviewed at 1, 2 and 4weeks. The pain and functional assessment were done at baseline and at each review using the ShoulderPain and Disability Index (SPADI).Results: There were 16 male and 20 female participants in the Y group, and 15 males and 21 females inthe NY group. There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, and pre-treatment SPADI scorebetween the groups. At the end of the four weeks, the SPADI pain scores in the Y and NY group were20.47 and 20.14, respectively (p ¼ 0.666). The SPADI disability scores in the Y and NY group were 20.4 and19.7, respectively (p ¼ 0.599). Overall SPADI scores were 40.67 and 40.03 in the Y and NY group,respectively (p ¼ 0.736). Both groups had a significant reduction in SPADI pain and disability scores.However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of SPADI scores.Conclusion: The effect of the Standing Group of Asana has no added advantage relative to standard frozenshoulder treatment when practiced for one month.© 2019 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Unilateral Absence of the Sternohyoid Muscle with Contralateral Tendinous Belly of Superior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle: A Very Rare form of Infrahyoid Muscle Variation.

The sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyid and omohyoid constitute the infrahyoid group of anterior neck muscles. All these muscles are supplied by Ansa crvicalis related to the anterior wall of carotid sheath. During regular cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy at AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, a case of right sided absence of sternohyoid muscle with left sided tendinous superior belly of omohyoid muscle was found. Though literature survey shows the tendinous belly (or absence) of superior belly of omohyoid muscle, but its presence in combination with absence of opposite side sternohyoid muscle is hardly reported. The omohyoid muscle has effect on intracerebral venous hemodynamics. Developing from a common muscle primodium the infrahyoid muscle group shows a number of variations. Because of increased use of Infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps for medium sized head and neck reconstruction surgery this knowledge will be helpful for handling and selecting a flap.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: An unusual association with Down's syndrome.

Down’s syndrome (DS) is known to be associated with autoimmune disease including type 1 diabetes. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of DS with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the literature. We hereby report two cases of DS with type 2 diabetes.