ABSTRACT
Abstract@#Malaria is an ancient disease caused by parasites of the genus <i>Plasmodium</i> and transmitted by several species of female anopheline mosquitoes. The term „malaria‟ originates from <i>mal’aria</i> (Italian) –signifying „bad air‟ or miasmas arising from marshes. </br> Cognizant of the burden of the disease in antiquity, several efforts have been made to understand the disease notably, the detection of the <i>Plasmodium</i> parasite in the blood of infected humans in 1880, as well as proof of the complete life cycle of malaria parasites in mosquitoes in 1897. </br> Among 200 <i>Plasmodium</i> species identified <i>P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi </i>are known to be responsible for human malaria, while mortality due to malaria is mostly attributed to infections with <i>P. falciparum.</i></br> The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito bites a human and injects sporozoite forms. These move to the liver and invade hepatocytes, in which they develop to produce exoerythrocytic merozoite forms that are released into the blood stream. Merozoites invade erythrocytes and grow into trophozoites and mature schizonts. Merozoites are released that reinvade new erythrocytes.</br> Gametocytes, formed from the asexual blood stage, are taken up by a feeding mosquito into the gut where they mature to form male and female gametes. The fertilized zygote develops to an ookinete and an oocyst and finally sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands.</br> Malaria transmission exits in 99 countries throughout world, and the greater burden of the disease is carried by African countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the estimated cases of and deaths due to malaria in 2016 were 219 million and 660,000, respectively with malaria deaths steadily decreasing since 1980. Despite the decline in the burden of malaria with the scaling-up of interventions the fact that the estimated (uncertainty exists) number of malaria deaths in 2016 exceeded that of 1980 calls for more efforts in the prevention and control of the disease.</br> Mongolian troops have been participating at UN mission since 2003. They work very complicated condition. One of the simple risks is Malaria. We had approximately 80 cases who had been infected by malaria at the mission area. </br> Mongolia is land without malaria infection. But our tourists can visit all of the world and troops works on mission area in Africa. They have a risk of malaria and our doctors have to be diagnosis and treat to malaria cases. This article provides an overview of malaria laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological data that will lead to the development of strategies to diagnose and reduce infection.
ABSTRACT
Snake venom toxins have been reportedly used as a rich source of a number of proteins of biotechnological interest due to their wide range of effects on haemostasis. These effects vary greatly: coagulant, anticoagulant, platelet-activating, anti-platelet, fibrinolytic and hemorrhagic, in either enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways. Agkistrodon venom contains a variety of proteins that possess antiplatelet activities. This study presents recent development in our laboratory to produce and purify antiplatelet proteins derived from Agkistrodon blomhoffi ussuriensiss nake venom. Different matrices of HPLC (size exclusion, ion exchange and affinity chromatography) were employed for purifying the proteins and their biological and biochemical properties were characterized by SDSPAGE, 2-D electrophoresis, platelet aggregation assay and enzyme activity assay.A purified disintegrin was a single chain glycoprotein with Mr of 13 kDа and рІ 4.7, whereas PLA2 had Mr of 14 kDa and pI of 4.17. A dose-dependent activity curve analysis shows that the platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of disintegrin and PLA2 in the rabbit plateletrich plasma were ID50 of 0.25 μМ and 0.65 μМ, respectively. Bioprocesses to produce and purify active antiplatelet agents from A. blomhoffi ussuriensis venom have been developed, using modern liquid chromatography matrices. Ongoing work to optimize large-scale production process is being undertaken.