Mekong malaria. II. Update of malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia.

In an expansion of the first Mekong Malaria monograph published in 1999, this second monograph updates the malaria database in the countries comprising the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. The update adds another 3 years' information to cover cumulative data from the 6 Mekong countries (Cambodia, China/Yunnan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam) for the six-year period 1999-2001. The objective is to generate a more comprehensive regional perspective in what is a global epicenter of drug resistant falciparum malaria, in order to improve malaria control on a regional basis in the context of social and economic change. The further application of geographical information systems (GIS) to the analysis has underscored the overall asymmetry of disease patterns in the region, with increased emphasis on population mobility in disease spread. Of great importance is the continuing expansion of resistance of P. falciparum to antimalarial drugs in common use and the increasing employment of differing drug combinations as a result. The variation in drug policy among the 6 countries still represents a major obstacle to the institution of region-wide restrictions on drug misuse. An important step forward has been the establishment of 36 sentinel sites throughout the 6 countries, with the objective of standardizing the drug monitoring process; while not all sentinel sites are fully operational yet, the initial implementation has already given encouraging results in relation to disease monitoring. Some decreases in malaria mortality have been recorded. The disease patterns delineated by GIS are particularly instructive when focused on inter-country distribution, which is where more local collaborative effort can be made to rationalize resource utilization and policy development. Placing disease data in the context of socio-economic trends within and between countries serves to further identify the needs and the potential for placing emphasis on resource rationalization on a regional basis. Despite the difficulties, the 6-year time frame represented in this monograph gives confidence that the now well established collaboration is becoming a major factor in improving malaria control on a regional basis and hopefully redressing to a substantial degree the key problem of spread of drug resistance regionally and eventually globally.

Anemia and intestinal parasitic infections in primary school students in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

Estima-se que a anemia afeta metade dos escolares e adolescentes nos países em desenvolvimento. As principais causas säo enteroparasitoses, malária e/ou baixa ingesta de ferro. Descreve a prevalência de anemia e de enteroparasitoses, assim como o estado nutricional de escolares de primeiro grau de escolas públicas municipais de Aracaju, SE, Brasil. Dos 360 estudantes, 26,7 por cento estavam anêmicos, sendo a prevalência maior nos menores de oito anos e nos maiores de 15. A prevalência geral de enteroparasitoses foi de 42 por cento. Ascaris lumbricoides (28,7 por cento), Trichuris trichiura (15,6 por cento) e ancilostomídeos (1,7 por cento) estavam entre os mais freqüentemente encontrados. Houve associaçäo entre enteroparasitose e má condiçäo de saneamento, mas näo entre anemia e presença de enteroparasitos. Os escores de desvio padräo (Z-scores) de altura para idade foram inferiores aos padröes do NCHS, com prevalência de 5,4 por cento de desnutriçäo pregressa (stunting). Apesar de as enteroparasitoses näo terem sido associadas com anemia, as crianças que tinham parasitas ao exame apresentavam pior estado nutricional (peso/altura) que aquelas cujos exames resultaram negativos.