Estudio transcultural del EPT-C en terapeutas de orientación dinámica post-racionalistas chilenos y argentinos / Transcultural PST-Q study in chilean and argentinean psychodynamic and post-rationalist psychotherapists

Resumen Antecedentes El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el Estilo Personal del Terapeuta (EPT) en psicólogos clínicos de dos enfoques teóricos, cognitivo post-racionalista y psicodinámicos, provenientes de dos países: Chile y Argentina. Además, se analizó el efecto de las variables demográficas y profesionales sobre el EPT. Método Se trabajó con una muestra compuesta por 138 psicoterapeutas, 50% chilenos ( n =69) y 50% argentinos ( n =69). Tanto en la muestra de terapeutas chilenos como argentinos, el 50,7% ( n =35) se identificaron de orientación cognitivo post-racionalista y el 49,3% ( n =34) de orientación psicodinámica. Se utilizó como instrumento el Cuestionario de Estilo Personal del Terapeuta. Resultados Se encontraron puntajes superiores en las Funciones Expresiva e Instruccional en terapeutas de nacionalidad chilena, y en la comparación de psicodinámicos versus terapeutas post-racionalistas, se registraron diferencias en las cinco dimensiones del EPT. Por último, se compararon a los terapeutas de acuerdo con su nacionalidad y enfoque teórico, y se encontraron diferencias en las funciones Expresiva e Instruccional al comparar psicólogos psicodinámicos de Argentina y Chile. Conclusiones Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados en función de estudios previos.

Abstract Background The purpose of this article is to compare the Personal Style of the Therapist (PST) in clinical psychologists of two different theoretical orientations, post-rationalist cognitive and psychodynamic, from two countries: Chile and Argentina. Additionally, the effects of demographic and professional variables on PST were analyzed. Methods A sample consisting of 138 psychotherapists, 50% Chilean ( n =69) and 50% Argentinean ( n =69) was used. In both Chilean and Argentinean samples, 50.7% ( n =35) identified as having a post-rationalist cognitive theoretical orientation and 49.3% ( n =34) had a psychodynamic orientation. The Personal Style of the Therapist Questionnaire was used as a measure instrument. Results Higher scores were also found in the Expressive and Instructional Functions among Chilean therapists, and in the comparison between the psychodynamic and post-rationalist cognitive orientations, differences were recorded in all five dimensions of PST. Lastly, therapists were compared according to their nationality and theoretical orientation, and differences in the Expressive and Instructional Functions were found when comparing psychodynamic psychologists from Argentina and Chile. Conclusion The implications of these results are discussed based on previous research studies.

Porcentaje de peso perdido y su recuperación en pacientes bariátricos: un análisis desde la perspectiva temporal / Percentage of total weight loss and weight regain in bariatric patients: a time perspective analysis

RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal se ha asociado a hábitos relacionados con salud. Específicamente, el futuro ha sido asociado a cambios en el estilo de vida como la incorporación de ejercicio físico. En cambio, el presente hedonista se ha asociado a la perdida sub-óptima de peso en pacientes bariátricos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las variables de la perspectiva temporal y el porcentaje de peso total perdido; su mantención o re-ganancia desde el nadir, en pacientes bariátricos. Material y métodos: Se aplicó a 97 pacientes bariátricos el Inventario de la Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo y Boyd, y un cuestionario de estilo de vida construido para esta investigación. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de peso total perdido se asoció significativamente a futuro (r= 0,221; p<0,05) y desviación del perfil temporal negativo (r= 0,324; p<0,05). La pérdida de peso insuficiente estuvo asociada al presente fatalista (t= −2,16; p= 0,033) y desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,81; p= 0,006). La re-ganancia del %PTP se asoció significativamente a la desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,09; p= 0,045) y al consumo de dulces (X2= 13,42; p= 0,009). Conclusiones: Una mayor desviación de la perspectiva temporal balanceada y un mayor consumo de dulces se asociaron a una pérdida de peso insuficiente y a la recuperación desde el nadir.

ABSTRACT Background: A person's perspective of time has been associated with health-related habits. Specifically, future has been associated with changes in lifestyle as well the incorporation of physical exercise. In contrast, current hedonism is associated with sub-optimal weight loss in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between seven variables of a time perspective and percentage of total weight loss; maintenance or weight regain among bariatric patients. Material and Methods: A sample of 97 bariatric patients answered the Inventory of Temporary Orientation and lifestyle questionnaires. Results: A greater percentage of total weight loss was significantly associated with future (r= 0.221; p<0.05) and deviations from negative time profile (r= 0.324; p<0.05). Insufficient weight loss was associated with a fatalistic present (t= −2.16, p= 0.033) and deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.81; p= 0.006). Regaining weight was significantly associated to deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.09; p=0.045) and consumption of sweets (X2= 13.42; p= 0.009). Conclusions: Deviations from a balanced time perspective and consumption of sweets are associated with sub-optimal weight loss and regaining weight.

Predictores psicológicos de la re-ganancia del peso en pacientes bariátricos / Psychological predictors of the regain of weight in bariatric patients

Resumen La cirugía bariátrica permite una pérdida ponderal significativa y acelerada en el corto plazo. La re-ganancia del peso se observa entre el 15 al 30% de los pacientes. Los factores psicológicos explicarían en mayor medida la recuperación del peso en pacientes bariátricos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las variables "locus de control del peso", "perspectiva temporal" y "autoeficacia, para la re-ganancia del peso en pacientes bariátricos. Estudio multivariado predictivo. Se evalúo a 97 pacientes bariátricos. Los resultados indican que las variables psicológicas "locus de control", "presente fatalista" y "pasado positivo" explican el 27.1% de la varianza de la re-ganancia del peso (p<.001). Este modelo clasifica de forma correcta a un 88.7% de los pacientes. Las variables locus de control del peso, pasado positivo y presente fatalista predicen la re-ganancia del peso.

Abstract Bariatric surgery allows a significant and accelerated weight loss in the short term. The regain of the weight is observed between 15 to 30% of the patients. The psychological factors would explain to a greater extent the recovery of weight in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the predictive capacity of the variables "locus of weight control", "temporal perspective" and "self-efficacy", for the re-gain of weight in bariatric patients. Method: Predictive multivariate study. A total of 97 bariatric patients were evaluated. Results: The psychological variables "locus of control", "present fatalist" and "positive past" explain 27.1% of the variance of the regain of weight (p <.001). This model correctly classifies 88.7% of patients. Conclusion: The variables locus of weight control, positive past and fatalistic present predict the regain of weight.

Recuperación de peso perdido en pacientes que han tenido cirugía bariátrica: Una mirada psicológica / Psychological factors influencing weight regain after bariatric surgery

Background Approximately 15 to 40% of bariatric patients regain a significant percentage of their weight lost after surgery. Among psychological variables, control and self-efficacy loci are associated with behaviors related to weight loss. Also, family support can be a risk or protection factor for the maintenance of weight loss. Aim To evaluate the association between psychological variables with weight maintenance or regain after bariatric surgery. Material and Methods We evaluated 97 patients at 4.1 ± 3.4 years after their bariatric surgery. They answered questionnaires about self-efficacy to lose weight, locus of weight control and family functioning style. Regain after surgery was also calculated, through self-report. Results Seventeen percent of patients gained weight. Locus of control (Z = -3.09, p < 0.01), family identity (Z = -3.71, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (Z = -2.44, p = 0.01), differentiated patients who maintained weight loss from those who re-gained at least 15% of their lost weight. An inverse and significant relationship was observed between the percentage of weight regain and locus of control (r = -0.42, p < 0.01), family identity (r = -0.36, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = -0.34, p <0.01). Conclusions The psychological variables "locus of weight control" and "family identity" are inversely and moderately associated with weight regain in patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

Variables psicológicas asociadas a adherencia, cronicidad y complicaciones en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Psychological variables associated with adherence to treatment and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background:: Lack of adherence to treatment may hamper the management of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Aim To identify if there is a profile of psychological variables associated with adherence to treatment and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: The psychometric instruments Multidimensional Scale of Locus of Control in Health, Locus of Control of Rotter and Inventory of Temporary Orientation of Zimbardo & Boyd were applied to 192 patients aged 64 ± 10 years (78% women) with type 2 diabetes attending public primary health clinics. Adherence to treatment was assessed using glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Results: There was an inverse association between glycosylated hemoglobin and adherence to treatment (p < 0.01). Adherence in patients with renal damage and diabetic foot was associated with the psychological variables Negative Time Perspective Profile (p < 0.05) and External Locus of Control Powerful Other (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A psychological profile associated with adherence was observed in the presence of kidney damage and diabetic foot. A fatalistic present and a negative past are the outstanding features of a negative temporal profile.

Cuestionario de esquemas de Young CEY-S3: propiedades psicométricas en una muestra chilena mixta / Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3: psychometric properties in an adult mixed sample from Chile

Resumen El Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young CEY-S3 es un instrumento que mide una taxonomía de 18 temas psicológicos centrales denominados esquemas desadaptativos tempranos, los cuales subyacerían a los trastornos de personalidad y a otros trastornos mentales. Esta investigación pretende estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del CEY-S3 en población chilena. Una muestra mixta de 85 pacientes de dos unidades de psiquiatría en hospitales públicos con diagnóstico de al menos un trastorno de la personalidad, y de 207 estudiantes universitarios no consultantes de dos universidades privadas. Los resultados muestran un buen ajuste para el modelo de 18 factores, una buena capacidad de discriminación por sexo y muestra clínica y no clínica, así como la consistencia interna de 17 de las 18 escalas es adecuada (α > 0.70). Estos resultados están en concordancia con los estudios de validación en distintas lenguas y culturas, lo que apoya su empleo en ámbitos clínicos o de investigación.

Abstract Young Schema Questionnaire, CEY-S3, is an instrument that measures a taxonomy of 18 central psychological themes called early maladaptive schemas, which would underlie personality disorders and other mental disorders. The aim of this investigation is analyze psychometric properties of CEY-S3 in a Chilean mixed sample of 85 patients with a diagnosis of personality disorders from two psychiatric units in public hospitals and a 207 university students sample from two private universities. The results show a good fit for the 18 factor model, a good ability to discriminate by sex and clinical and non-clinical sample, as well as the internal consistency of 17 of the 18 scales is adequate (α> 0.70). These results are in accordance with the validation studies in different languages and cultures, which supports their use in clinical or research fields.