ABSTRACT
Background: Some studies highlighted that there was increase in the incidence of urinary tract problems related to frequent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) and crystalluria. This induces us to understand the prevalence of crystals in urine samples and its association with bacterial urinary tract infections. For determining the different types of urinary crystals, the role of microscopic examination for identification are routine and identical. Methods: The main objective of this study is to find out the predominant types of crystals in urine, age and sex incidence value, urine pH correlated with crystals and bacteriological examination of urine samples associated with UTIs. Results: Among 88 urine samples included, 49 (55.6%) were males and 39 (44.3%) were females of different age groups. By urine sediment analysis, among the normal crystals, calcium oxalate and amorphous urates were found predominant followed by cholesterol found among abnormal crystals. The results highlighted the presence of different types of crystals in the urine samples and strongly supported the pH ranges. The variations in the pH range from 3 to 7. The correlation of the results of crystal formation with bacterial culture showed predominance of Escherichia coli (19.3%) and further it gets proved with the theory and reference interpretation. Conclusion: By this study, the authors have a mystery whether the crystal formation leads to the bacterial infection or the infection leads to crystal formation. In the case of positive urine crystal analysis, the clinicians may consider the microbiological investigations to find out the real picture.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To monitor the antimicrobial utilization; identify the preferred group of antibiotics in outpatient services, determine the prescribing pattern of antibiotics by consultants in a rural teaching hospital, evaluate the inappropriate usage of antibiotics among population and evaluate the patients knowledge about use of antimicrobials taken for their illness. Methodology: A period of 24 months of investigation is carried out towards prescribing antibiotics and the inappropriate usage of antibiotics among rural population who attended outpatient departments were elicited by Questionnaires survey method and analysed in relation to rational use of antibiotics. The patients were also interviewed for their knowledge regarding drugs, sources, dose, duration and frequency of the drugs. Results: The percentage of distribution of various group of antibiotics in the years of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 were Sulphonamide (SULP) (4.42%, 1.1%), Penicillin (Pn) (52.4%, 9%), Fluroquinolones (FQs) (24.9%, 44%), Cephalosporins (CPs) (1.2%, 5.2%), Broad spectrum antibiotics (BSA) (3.4%, 3.6%), Macrolide (Mac) (1.3%, 5.2%), Antiprotozoal drug (APD)-metronidazole (12.3%, 12.7%) and fixed dose combination (FDC) (0.2%, 3.6%) respectively. Many practitioners were not aware of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) (50.5%) nor the type of infections (52.6%) or the group of antibiotics (57.9%) exhibiting resistance. Conclusion: Antibiotics are considered as the second most prescribed drugs in the world. In our study, 76.2% were prescribed with antibiotics in their prescription. Analysis of utilization of antibiotics in pharmacy during the year of 2010-2011 revealed a reduction in antibiotic use compared to 2009–2010. Further awareness required to the prescribers and beneficiaries regarding antimicrobial resistance.