ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.
ABSTRACT
The Midwest region of Brazil possesses large areas dominated by the Cerrado that is poorly known concerning insect gall and their interactions. In this study, we inventory the gall morphology, host plants, and the gall makers from Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, in areas of natural vegetation from Cerrado, for the first time. Samplings occurred in two expeditions, July 2012 and January 2013. We characterized 295 morphotypes of insect galls in 140 host plant species, with 89 gall makers; the richest family in host plants was Fabaceae (16.7%), and the species was Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae, 3.7%). Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães is the richest Brazilian cerrado area in gall morphotypes (295) and the second in average morphotypes/host plant species (2.1). Additionally, six genera and 38 species are new records as host plants; two of them, Bernardia similis Pax and K.Hoffm and Ormosia macrophylla Benth., are new occurrences for Mato Grosso State, and other two, Vochysia petraea Warm. and Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk. are listed in the Red List of Threatened Species IUCN. This inventory data represents a testimony of insect-plant interactions in a Brazilian Cerrado area that was consumed by an unprecedented fire in the dry season of 2020.
A região Centro-Oeste do Brasil possui grandes áreas dominadas pelo Cerrado nas quais insetos e suas interações são pouco conhecidos. Neste estudo, fizemos o inventário de galhas, plantas hospedeiras e galhadores do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, uma área de vegetação natural de Cerrado. As amostragens foram realizadas em duas expedições, em julho de 2012 e janeiro de 2013. Caracterizamos 295 morfotipos de galhas de insetos em 140 espécies de plantas hospedeiras; com identificação de 89 galhadores; a família de plantas com maior número de espécies hospedeiras de galhas foi Fabaceae (16,7%) e a espécie com maior número de galhas, Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae, 3,7%). Esta é a área mais rica em morfotipos de galhas do cerrado brasileiro (295) e a segunda na média de morfotipos/espécie de planta hospedeira (2,1). Além disso, seis gêneros e 38 espécies são registros novos de ocorrência de plantas hospedeiras para galhas de insetos; duas delas, Bernardia similis Pax and K.Hoffm and Ormosia macrophylla Benth., são registros novos para o Estado do Mato Grosso e outras duas, Vochysia petraea Warm. and Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk. estão listadas na Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas IUCN. Os dados desse inventário representam um testemunho das interações inseto-planta para o Cerrado no Brasil, em uma área que foi consumida por um incêndio sem precedentes na estação seca de 2020.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Galls are structures of vegetal tissue modified by several biological agents, mainly dipterans of the Cecidomyiidae family. The galls are indicators of the gall inducers' presence, because of the species-specific interaction between the gall inducer and its host plant species. The aim of this study was to expand the geographical distribution of cecidomyiids - usually known only to the type-locality - in species of Andira Lam. (Fabaceae) distributed in Brazil, through the presence of their gall morphotypes in host plants. We searched for records of gall morphotypes in Andira species in all inventories of insect galls in Brazilian biomes and in virtual herbaria in Brazilian and abroad institutions. We found six species of Andira with forty-nine registers of 20 morphotypes of galls induced by cecidomyiids. They were from 35 localities; of those, 15 Municipalities, five States and the Federal District are new points of occurrence. We found three new registers for the fusiform gall in A. fraxinifolia, four registers for the fusiform gall in A. humilis, two new registers for the lenticular gall in A. nitida, and six new registers for three morphotypes in A. vermifuga. No new records were found for the morphotypes of A. cujabensis and A. surinamensis. These results indicate that digital tools, combined with well-illustrated inventory data, are capable to expand knowledge about the distribution of cecidomyiids through the recognition of their specific marker, the morphotypes.
ABSTRACT
Abstract: The Pantanal Biome occupies 20% of the Brazilian territory extending its distribution over two Brazilian States, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. This Biome is one of Brazil's poorly known regions concerning insect gall and their interactions with host plants. In this study, we characterized for the first time the gall morphology, identified host plants and the gall makers from an area of Brazilian wetlands from Mato Grosso State, known as Pantanal Matogrossense. We sampled Pantanal Biome areas in Poconé municipality, along the Transpantaneira Road, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in two expeditions, July 2012 and January 2013, with a total effort of 2 hours. We characterized 91 morphotypes of insect galls in 54 host plant species; 28 gall makers in 24 host plant species; the richest host plant families are Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Sapindaceae. Psidium guineense Sw. is the super host species. This area in Pantanal Matogrossense is the second in the richness of gall morphotypes (N=91) and average morphotypes/plant species (1.7), comparing phytophysiognomies. Additionally, 15 plant species are new record as host in galler-host plant interaction in the world. This number represents 30% of the total of host plant species sampled in Poconé. This inventory is new knowledge to the Pantanal Matogrossense and representing a unique testimony of insect-plant interactions consumed by the unprecedented fire that occurred in Pantanal Biome in the dry season of 2020.
Resumo: O Bioma Pantanal ocupa 20% do território brasileiro estendendo sua distribuição sobre dois Estados brasileiros, Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. Esta é uma das regiões menos estudadas do Brasil com relação aos insetos e suas interações. Neste estudo, caracterizamos pela primeira vez a morfologia de galhas, identificamos plantas hospedeiras e galhadores em áreas do Pantanal Norte, conhecido como Pantanal Matogrossense. As amostragens foram feitas em áreas do Bioma Pantanal, no município de Poconé, ao longo da Estrada Transpantaneira, Mato Grosso, Brasil em duas expedições, julho de 2012 e janeiro de 2013. Caracterizamos 91 morfotipos de galhas entomógenas em 54 espécies de plantas hospedeiras; identificamos 28 galhadores em 24 espécies de plantas hospedeiras; as famílias de plantas hospedeiras mais ricas em galhas são Fabaceae, Myrtaceae e Sapindaceae. Psidium guineense Sw. é a espécie superhospedeira. Esta área no Pantanal Matogrossense é a segunda tanto em riqueza de morfotipos de galhas (N=91) quanto na média de morfotipos por espécie de planta hospedeira (1,7), em fitofisionomias comparáveis. Além disso, 15 espécies de plantas são novos registros como hospedeiras para galhas de insetos no mundo. Esse número representa 30% do total de plantas amostradas em Poconé. Todos os dados deste inventário são conhecimentos novos para o Pantanal Mato-grossense e para o estado do Mato Grosso, representando um testemunho único das interações inseto-planta que foram consumidas pelo fogo sem precedentes ocorrido no Bioma Pantanal em sua estação seca de 2020.
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Abstract A new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908 induces leaf galls on Andira humilis (Fabaceae) in the Cerrado biome (Brazilian savanna) of Bahia, Mato Grosso and São Paulo states, Brazil. Larva, pupa, female, and male of this new species of gall midge are described and illustrated in this paper.
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ABSTRACT In this paper we performed a study of occurrence and characterization of entomogen galls from natural vegetation areas in Mato Grosso do Sul. We surveyed natural areas of four biomes from Mato Grosso do Sul State: Pantanal (Corumbá), Atlantic Forest (Bodoquena), Cerrado (Aquidauana), and Chaco (Porto Murtinho). We identified 186 morphotypes of galls in 115 host plant species from 35 families and 73 genera. The richest families were Fabaceae (N = 34), Sapindaceae (N = 24), Bignoniaceae (N = 17), and Myrtaceae (N = 15). Fifty morphotypes of insects (27%) were found in galls of 38 host plants, 78% of which belongs to Diptera, 10% to Hymenoptera, and the other 12% are divided among Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. In this study, the geographic distribution of gall morphotypes associated to the cecidomyiids Youngomyia pouteriae Maia, 2004, and Trotteria quadridentata Maia, 2004 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), and the wasp Mononeuron duguetiae Fischer, 1981 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Doryctinae) are expanded to the localities sampled in MS. In addition, four genera and 24 species of plants were recorded for the first time as hosts to entomogen galls. All occurrences of Cecidomyiidae in Mato Grosso do Sul's localities are new records for this family.
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The purpose of this work was to verify the benthic macroinvertebrates community responses through environmental factors along a headwater tropical reservoir. Samplings were taken with a Van-Veen grab along the reservoir in littoral and profundal regions and in the headwater, next to the dam and the middle of the reservoir. Samples were taken during both wet and dry seasons. Dissolved oxygen concentrations, electric conductivity, temperature and pH near the sediment have been performed in situ, at every sampling station by using a multiprobe and Secchi disc. Total water phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations were analyzed to determine the trophic state index. Sediment's organic matter, total phosphorus, nitrogen concentrations and granulometric composition were measured. In order to verify which environmental variables would have more influence over the benthic macroinvertebrates community, a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed. The total number of recorded taxa was 28. Among them, the family Chironomidae (Diptera) was the richest group (19 taxa). It can be proposed that the benthic macroinvertebrates community may be influenced by environmental conditions such as nutrient and organic matter availability, as well as dissolved oxygen concentration. Macroinvertebrates are adequate bioindicators of water quality due to their sensibility to environmental changes mentioned before. Chironomus sp, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Branchiura sowerbyi comprises a group that can be considered bio-indicators of eutrophic conditions. A second group can be considered as indicator of mesotrophic conditions. The presence of two or more members from that group which comprises Tanytarsini spp, Fissimentum sp, Pelomus sp and Goeldichironomus sp, like predominant taxa, may indicates mesotrophic conditions.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as respostas da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos a fatores ambientais ao longo de um reservatório tropical de cabeceira. As amostras foram coletadas com uma draga do tipo Van-Veen ao longo do reservatório nas regiões profunda e litorânea bem como na cabeceira, próximo à barragem e no meio do reservatório. Amostras foram coletadas tanto na estação seca quanto na estação chuvosa. Foram determinadas as concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, temperatura e pH próximos ao sedimento, in situ, em todas as estações amostrais com a utilização de um multisensor e disco de Secchi. Foram ainda determinadas as concentrações de fósforo e clorofila a da água para cálculo do índice de estado trófico. Com relação ao sedimento, foram determinados o teor de matéria orgânica, concentrações totais de fósforo e nitrogênio bem como a composição granulométrica. Para se verificar quais variáreis ambientais tiveram maior influência sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, uma análise de correspondência canônica (ACC) foi realizada. Foram registrados, ao todo, 28 táxons. Dentre estes, o grupo taxonômico com maior riqueza foi a família Chironomidae (Diptera) com 19 táxons. O estudo indicou que a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos respondeu às condições ambientais como disponibilidade de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, bem como às concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Assim sendo, os macroinvertebrados foram considerados bons indicadores da qualidade da água devido à sua sensibilidade frente às possíveis alterações ambientais supramencionadas. Chironomus sp, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri e Branchiura sowerbyi formaram um grupo que pode ser considerado como bioindicador de condições eutróficas. Um segundo grupo pôde ser considerado como indicador de condições mesotróficas. A presença de dois ou mais membros deste grupo, que inclui os táxons Tanytarsini spp, Fissimentum sp, Pelomus sp e Goeldichironomus sp, como táxons dominantes, pode indicar tais condições.
ABSTRACT
This is the first study about galls, gall makers and associated fauna of the Ecological Station of Jataí. Galls are plant structures formed by abnormal growth of cells, tissues or organs induced by several organisms, as fungous, nematoids and insects. Five areas of the conservation unity, two in the phytophysionomy of cerrado in regeneration and three in the cerradão area were studied, totalizing 69 morphotypes of galls on 41 host species from 24 families. This is the first record of Annonaceae as the richest family in morphotypes in Brazil; 34 gall makers and associated fauna were identified, which 23 Diptera (67.4%), eight Hymenoptera (23.5%), two Hemiptera (5.8%) and one Thysanoptera (2.9%). Were described 41 new morphotypes of gall and made the first characterization of gall on Maprounea guianensis Aubl., Acosmium subelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev., Strychnosbicolor Progel, Eriotheca gracilipes K. Schum., Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth., Broyesum gaudichaudii Trécul, Psychotria suterella Müll. Arg., Psychotria trichophora Müll. Arg. and Serjania erecta Radlk.
Este é o primeiro estudo sobre galhas, insetos galhadores e fauna associada da Estação Ecológica de Jataí. Galhas são estruturas vegetais formadas por um crescimento anormal de células, tecidos ou órgãos induzido por vários organismos, como fungos, nematóides e insetos. Cinco áreas da unidade de conservação, dois na fitofisionomia de cerrado em regeneração e três na área de cerradão foram estudadas, totalizando 69 morfotipos de galhas em 41 espécies de plantas hospedeiras de 24 famílias. Este é o primeiro registro de Annonaceae como a família mais rica em morfotipos no Brasil; 34 insetos galhadores e fauna associada foram identificados, sendo 23 Diptera (67,4%), oito Hymenoptera (23,5%), dois Hemiptera (5,8%) e um Thysanoptera (2,9%). Foram descritos 41 novos morfotipos de galhas e foi feita a primeira caracterização de galhas em Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart., Connarus suberosus Planch., Maprounea guianensis Aubl., Acosmium subelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev., Strychnos bicolor Progel, Eriotheca gracilipes K. Schum., Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth., Broyesum gaudichaudii Trécul, Psychotria suterella Müll. Arg., Psychotria trichophora Müll. Arg. e Serjania erecta Radlk.