Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in the clinical isolates

BACKGROUND: Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are associated with chronic and recurrent human infections and are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. There are various methods to detect biofilm production like Tissue Culture Plate (TCP), Tube method (TM), Congo Red Agar method (CRA), bioluminescent assay, piezoelectric sensors, and fluorescent microscopic examination. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare three methods for the detection of biofilms. METHOD: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan, from January 2010 to June 2010. A total of 110 clinical isolates were subjected to biofilm detection methods. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures. Biofilm detection was tested by TCP, TM and CRA. Antibiotic susceptibility test of biofilm producing bacteria was performed by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to CLSI guidelines. RESULTS: The TCP method was considered to be superior to TM and CRA. From the total of 110 clinical isolates, TCP method detected 22.7 percent as high, 41 percent moderate and 36.3 percent as weak or non-biofilm producers. We have observed higher antibiotic resistance in biofilm producing bacteria than non-biofilm producers. CONCLUSION: We can conclude from our study that the TCP method is a more quantitative and reliable method for the detection of biofilm forming microorganisms as compared to TM and CRA methods, and it can be recommended as a general screening method for detection of biofilm producing bacteria in laboratories.

Smoking patterns

To determine the smoking patterns of medical students of 4th year MBBS. A cross-sectional survey. Lahore Medical and Dental College [LMDC], Lahore, Pakistan. From November to December 2006. The 50 medical students of 4th year MBBS, who were current smokers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics was determined in terms of percentages. In present study, 48% students started smoking between 14-17 years of age, 34% started to smoke between ages 18-21 years and 18% of them had been smoking for past 4-6 yrs. Main reason to commence smoking included curiosity [27%], need to look glamorous [22%], peer pressure [16%] and stress relieving [10%]. When probed about numbers of cigarettes smoked daily, the response of majority was that 32% of students admitted to smoking 1 -5 cigarettes, similar number admitted to smoking 6-10 cigarettes, and 30% of students smoked more than 20 cigarettes. Among the respondents, 41% had a brother who was a smoker and 37% had a father who was a smoker. More than half the respondents [58%] said that their parents were unaware of their smoking habit. Regarding awareness about the medical hazards of smoking, 31% of students named cancer, 29% mentioned heart disease, 18% were familiar with COPD and only 7% referred to stroke. The main concerns of respondents regarding smoking were fear of being discovered by their parents [22%], psychological dependence [20%] and physical dependence [18%]. Only 50% of students tried to quit smoking, using hypnosis and substitutes like nicotine gum and nicotine patches. Tobacco smoking among medical students is alarming. These findings not only raise concerns for the future health of our medical students but also their credibility and effectiveness as health promoters for population at large