Efficacy of art therapy in the reduction of impulsive behaviors of children with ADHD co-morbid intellectual disability

The present study intended to explore the efficacy of art therapy in the reduction of impulsive behaviors of children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] co-morbid Intellectual Disability [ID] in Karachi, Pakistan. The study was based on experimental design for which the data was collected from different special schools located in Karachi -Pakistan. Sample was selected through purposive sampling of 14 children with ADHD [mild] co-morbid Mild ID with age ranging between 6 to 12 years [mean age= 7.391; SD = 1.315] during the year 2011 -2013 belonging to middle socioeconomic status. The sample was divided into two groups, treatment and control group. Treatment group received 25 art as therapy sessions while control group received regular class room activities. Children were placed in the treatment and control group by ABBA technique after 8 hours of observation. Followed by the administration of Demographic Information Sheet, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Test [Gilliam, 1995] and Human Figure Drawing [Koppitz, 1968] were administered before and after the therapy sessions. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test were calculated through SPSS version 17.0. Findings suggest that art as therapy is effective in the reduction of impulsive behaviors in children with ADHD co-morbid ID [p<.05]. The findings of this research have its clinical implications in multiple disciplines i.e. for psychologist and special educators. Recommendations for future research have also been suggested

Oral manifestations of chronic kidney disease

Current study was performed to evaluate the oral health status in patients with chronic kidney disease [CKD] on dialysis. This was a descriptive study. Hundred chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis were recruited in the study. Findings of the noninvasive oral examination and completed clinico demographic profile were recorded. Out of hundred patients, 53 were males and 47 were females. Mean age of patients was 51.16 +/- 15.09 years with age range of 22 to 83 years. On oral examination, oral hygiene was found to be poor in 47patients, moderate in 52 and good only in one patient. Xerostomia was present in 87% patients followed by thickened mucosa [12%], angular cheilitis [29%], periodontitis [41%], gingivitis [17%], tooth erosion [40%], tooth mobility [38%], ammonia like odour [Uraemic fetor] [45%], coated tongue [17%], mucosal pallor [37%], metallic taste [48%] and mucosal pigmentation [20%]. Regular oral I dental checkup I referral is needed for the better oral health in these patients and that will improve the compliance to oral drug therapy which in turn will promote the quality of life of CKD patients on dialysis with minimal complications

Prevalence of personality disorders during the years 2003-2009 at the Institute of ClinicalPsychology, University of Karachi

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence rate of personality disorders reported at Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi-Pakistan during the years 2003-2009. Following archival method the total sample was consisted of [3917] registered clients out of which [88] were diagnosed on Axis II [Personality Disorders] according to DSM-IV-TR [2000] text revised criteria. The whole sample went through complete psychological assessment by trained clinical psychologists. All registered cases of year 2003-2009 were selected and files of personality disorders were reviewed. Demographic variables and their diagnoses were observed and analyzed. Frequency distribution and percentages of descriptive statistic were calculated. Findings showed that there are [2.22%] of cases, diagnosed on axis II [Personality disorders]. Borderline personality disorder [18.18%], Histrionic Personality Disorder [14.94%], and Narcissistic Personality Disorder [12.64%] have high prevalence rate as compared to other personality disorders. Furthermore, these personality disorders were mostly prevalent in single males belonging to middle class nuclear family systems. Present prevalence rate showed that people coming to psychological clinics are mostly diagnosed with Cluster B personality disorders. Awareness Programs should be developed for early identification of these disorders

effects of maternal depression on academic achievement of their children

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of Maternal Depression on level of academic achievement of their children. This paper is a part of a Ph.D Dissertation and conducted during the period of 2005 to 2010 at Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi. After detailed literature review the following aspects were hypothesized. [l]Children of mothers having depressive symptoms will score low on the level of academic achievement [Spelling, Reading and Arithmetic] as compare to children of non depressed mothers. [2] There will be significant difference on the level of academic achievement, [spelling, Reading and Arithmetic] between boys and girls of mothers having depressive symptoms. The present study comprised of 120 participants [60 mothers and 60 children] divided in depressed and non depressed group after screening from normal population]. Reading subtest of Wide Range achievement test was used to assess the reading level of mothers Reynolds Depression Screening Inventory [RDSI] was used to rule out sample of mothers with and without Depressive symptoms. Wide Range achievement test-three [WRAT-3] was administered on children to assess the level of Spelling, Reading and Arithmetic. Further Intake card and sheet of Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi was used to take the case history regarding general functioning of mother and their children, t-test was applied to assess the differences behveen groups. Findings showed non-significant differences on these variables, Spelling and Reading between children of depressed and non depressed mothers, however significant difference was revealed on the variable of Arithmetic between children of depressed and non depressed mother. Non-significant results with reference to gender difference between male and female children of depressed mothers were also revealed on Reading, spelling and Arithmetic skills. This study highlighted the significance of mothers role in the academic achievement of their children and it do reflect significant difference of achievement related to computational skills between children of depressed and non depressed mothers

Ordinal position of birth and individuals psychological needs on Edwards personal preference schedule

The purpose of this study was to investigate the idea of Adler, the Austrian Psychiatrist, that the psychological development of each child in a family is different from other due to ordinal position of birth of this child. He believed that a correct analysis of the effects of individual's birth order position would help to win his confidence. After literature review it was hypothesized i] the first born would score higher than middle and last born on the psychological need for Nurturance, Affiliation, Achievement and Dominance [2] The last born will score higher on psychological need for succorance than middle and first born. Institute of clinical Psychology, University of Karachi June 2008 to June 2009. Comparative Study. A sample of 66 students [44 male and 22 female] selected from University of Karachi. This sample consisted of 20 first born students, 28 second born and 18 last born students. The age range of sample was 20-35 years [mean age =23.09; SD=2.57] and their educational level was at least graduation. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule [EPPS] Edwards administered to assess the individuals in fifteen needs or motives. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA was applied to analyze the data. It demonstrate the significant difference on only psychological need of succorance among the first, the middle and the last born students [p<.05]. On psychological need for Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, Nurturance, there was an insignificant difference among the first, the middle and the last born. Present study highlighted the association between birth order and psychological needs for individual, and only need of succorance show the significant difference among three ordinal positions [i.e., first, middle and last], where as no difference was found on other pscychological needs in three groups

Comparing types of aggression in individuals with psychotic and neurotic disorders

The aim of the present study was to compare the types of aggression in individuals suffering from psychotic and neurotic disorders. The research was designed as Independent group design. It was hypothesized that there would be difference on the variables of aggression [i.e. physical and verbal], anger and hostility in individuals with psychotic and neurotic disorders. In order to test the hypotheses a sample of 47 patients [21 psychotic and 26 neurotic patients] was taken from the Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi and Gulshan Psychiatric Hospital. Their age range was between 20-50 years [M=29.8 years; SD=10.02] and their education level was at least Intermediate. The Aggression Questionnaire [Buss and Perry, 1992] was administered to assess the types of aggression present. In order to interpret the results, mean and t- test was computed. Results show that there is a significant difference of mean between verbal aggression of individuals with psychotic and neurotic disorders [t= 2.611, df = 45, p< .05]. However, there was an insignificant mean difference in aggression [t =1.282, df =45, p> .05], physical aggression [t=.038, df= 45, p> .05], anger [t=1.366, df= 45, p> .05] and hostility [t=.869, df= 45, p> .05] present in individuals with psychotic and neurotic disorders

Self-esteem and religious orientation among adults of religious institutions in Karachi

To investigate self-esteem as a factor of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation and to further investigate the role of gender in religious orientation among the students and teachers of religious institutions [Madrasas] in Karachi. Corelational study/comparative study. Different religious institutions of Karachi from January, 2008 to October, 2008. It was hypothesized that [1] self-esteem will be positively correlated with intrinsic religious orientation; [2] self esteem will be negatively correlated with extrinsic religious orientation; [3] females will be more intrinsically religious than males and, [4] males will be more extrinsically religious than females. The sample consisted of 74 [43 male and 31 female students and teachers] of different religious institutions of Karachi -Pakistan. Their age range was from 18 to 59 years with the mean age of 27 years [SD = 9.78]. Their socioeconomic status was middle and their minimum educational level was intermediate. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, [1] Urdu translation and The Age-Universal I-E scale [Gorsuch and Venable, [2]Urdu translation] were administered following the administration of a demographic form. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient correlation and t-test were applied to assess relationship between the variables and test the significance of the result. Results indicated that there exist a significant positive relationship between self-esteem and intrinsic religious orientation [r=.224, p<.05]. Moreover, relationship between self-esteem and extrinsic religious orientation is non significant [r = -.247, p> .05]. Further, females are more intrinsically religious [t2.249, df=72, p<.05] than males; and males are more extrinsically religious [t=2.46, df= 72, p<. 05] than females.. The findings of the present study highlight the significant role of self esteem in intrinsic religious orientation; role of gender in religious orientation and also suggest avenues for future research

Anxiety as a determinant of career indecision in college students

The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship. between career indecision and anxiety in college students. It was hypothesized that Career Indecision will be positively correlated with Anxiety. The sample was selected randomly from different colleges of Karachi. It was consisted of 50 male and 50 female, college students belonged to upper middle and middle socio economic class. Their age range was between [15-19] years with the mean age of [17.15 years, SD=.83]. The Career Decision Making Scale [Osipow, 1987] and IP AT anxiety Scale [Krug, Scheier and Cattell, 1976] was administered on the students. Pear son product moment correlation was done. It was found that there was a significant positive relationship between career indecision and anxiety [r =.3JO, p< .01]. It is concluded that anxiety plays a significant role in career indecision in students

Intellectual functioning of adults with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder

The purpose of present research was to evaluate the intellectual functioning of adults suffering from Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that the mean full scale IQ score of adult with schizophrenia will be lower than the mean full scale IQ score of adults with Major Depressive Disorder. In order to test this hypothesis a sample of 60 [30 in each group, of both gender] individuals were selected from respected psychiatric clinics and hospitals of Karachi-Pakistan. The age range was from 16 to 50 years with the mean age of 36 years [SD=8.2]]. Their educational level was Intermediate to Masters. Their Diagnosis was taken from the concerned flies from their hospitals from both in and out patients department of the hospitals. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [WAIS-R, Wechsler, 1981] was administered to assess and measure the intellectual functioning of the patients after administration of a Case history sheet [intake card and case History sheet of Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi]. In order to interpret the results in statistical terminology t-test was computed. Result was consistent with the hypothesis that significant difference of mean IQ score was found between adults with Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia [t=3.15, df=58, p<.001]

Heroin ddicts: a comparative study of perceived social support in treatment between recovery and relapse cases

The objective of the present study is to compare the level of social support in treatment between recovery and relapse heroin addicts. It was hypothesized that "the perceived family and social support of recovery drug addicts would be more positive than the relapse heroin addicts". The sample comprised of 25 recovery drug addicts and 30 relapse patients of the drug treatment. In order to asses' family and social support, the demographic data sheet was filled and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List [ISEL] was followed. Results indicated marked difference in the mean perceived social support scores of two groups. It may be interpreted that higher perception of family and social support is associated with the recovery addicts, than the relapse group, who perceive their families and society as less supportive. Hence, lesser family and social support hampers the treatment of addicts and results in relapse

Behavior therapy: it's applicability in the reduction of maladaptive behavior of autistic children

The present research was designed to study the applicability of Behavior therapy on autistic children by using its techniques of Positive and Negative reinforcement. It was hypothesized that [1] Treatment with positive reinforcement will increase the desired behavior of the autistic children as compared to that of Autistic children with no treatment [2] Treatment with negative reinforcement will increase the desired behavior of the Autistic children as compared to that of autistic children with no treatment and [3] Treatment with positive reinforcement will be more effective than treatment with negative reinforcement. The sample comprised of 120 autistic children, 56 girls and 64 boys, [belonging to all socioeconomic levels with the age limit of 6 to 12 years] coming to a neuromuscular rehabilitation center of Karachi. It was divided into three equal groups, including a control group, to implement selected techniques of behavior therapy. The treatment packages consisted of the use of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and no treatment. Previously, three target behaviors crying, non-compliance and hitting were selected for the treatment. In order to study the possible causes of target behaviors and selection of reinforcers, Motivation Assessment Scale [MAS] by Durand [1990] was administered. The record of occurrence of target behaviors before and after the implementation of 30 sessions was taken. t-test for independent mean and ANOVA were applied for statistical analysis. It was found that Behaviour treatment with Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement are effective to reduce maladaptive behavior in autistic children [t=-8.395, df=78, p<.000] and [t = -11.366, df=78, p<.000] respectively. Further it was shown that treatment with positive reinforcement is more effective as compared to negative reinforcement [t=-2.65, df=78, p<.000]

Emotional indicators on human figure drawing of juvenile delinquents and non-delinquents

To evaluate emotional indicators in Drawings of juvenile delinquent and non-delinquent boys on Human Figure Drawing Test. Analytic Descriptive Study Karachi, Pakistan from 2005 January to 2006 January. After literature review it was hypothesized that Emotional indicators on Human Figure Drawing would more frequently occur in drawings of Delinquent boys than non delinquent boys. The sample consisted of 40 boys [20 delinquent and 20 non delinquent]. Delinquent boys were selected from the Remand home, Nazimabad, Karachi. While non delinquents boys were selected from different areas of Karachi. Both groups were matched on the variables of age, educational level and socio economic status. The age range of the both group [juvenile delinquent and non delinquent] was from 10 to 17 years, they belonged to lower socio economic status and their educational level was at least of 5[th] grade. Intake Card and Case history Sheet of Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi and Human Figure Drawing Test [HFD; Koppitz,] were administered individually. Percentage method of descriptive statistics was applied. It was found that. emotional indicators of poor integration, monster no mouth and no neck occurred more frequently in drawings of delinquent boys [70%, 50%, 40%,and 80% respectively] as compared to non delinquents [15%, 0%, 0% and 45%]. Crossed Eyes, genitals, three figure and clouds were the least frequent indicators in both delinquent and non delinquent boys [0%]. Juvenile delinquent boys do suffer from emotional disturbances; they appear to be impulsive, immature, has poor inner control, withdrawal and poor self concept. They also appear to have feelings of anxiety, insecurity as compared to non delinquent boys

role of product design in consumer choice of a product

The purpose of the present research was to study the role of product design in consumer choice of a product. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that consumer choice of a product would be affected more by product design as compare to its price. A sample of 80 students of middle socioeconomic status was selected from University of Karachi. Among them 40 were male students and 40 were female students. The age range of the sample was 20 - 30 years and their educational level was at least intermediate. The Consumer Choice Questionnaire [Self-designed] was administered to assess the role of product design. Descriptive statistics was applied to evaluate and comprehend the results. It was found that [63.75%] consumers are more likely to choose a product due to its design [Physical attributes] as compared to its price [36.25%]. The results were consistent with the hypothesis regarding the effect of product form upon consumer choice