ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of zinc on histomorphometry of femur of Sprague Dawley rats under high salt diet
Study Design: Analytical randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: The studied was carried out at Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, with the collaboration of National Institute of Health; Islamabad. The study spanned over a period of six months, from Sep 2015 to Mar 2016
Material and Methods: Forty five female Sprague Dawley rats, 10-12 weeks old were used in the study. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group-A rats were fed high salt diet [8% NaCl] and group B rats were given high salt diet augmented with zinc [50mg/kg/day] for eight weeks, however, the diet of control group was not modified. Rats were dissected and left femora were removed. Decalcification was performed. Tissue from proximal femur was obtained to study the trabecular structure and collagen staining while midshaft of femur was transversely sectioned to measure the medullary cavity diameter. Processing was done to obtain five micrometer [micro m] thick sections. Tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin [H and E] and Masson's Trichrome for histological parameters. Comparison was done amongst all groups
Results: Obvious histological variations were observed in experimental groups. These changes were of more severity in rats of group-A who took high salt diet as compared to group B who received zinc supplementation in addition to salt
Conclusion: High salt diet exerted harmful effects on bones due to increased sodium chloride induced hypercalciuria leading to bone loss. Zinc is valuable in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salt on bones by enhancing osteoblast activity and inhibiting bone resorbing cells
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the prescribing pattern of irrational use of antibiotic among children under age of 12 years in public and private sector hospitals in Pakistan. The prospective clinical evaluation of drug utilization pattern of antimicrobials from Patient Bedside File [PBF] of in-patients and Culture Sensitivity Test [CST] reports were evaluated to determine the antibiotic resistance. Two indicators recorded to assess antibiotic prescribing were; dose of prescribed antibiotic [low-dose, rational and high -dose] and Indication [valid or invalid]. Antibiotics resistance for 25 selected antibiotics was determined by culture sensitivity test. This study showed that in Private Sector Hospital 77.7% neonates, 13.3% infants and 9% children admitted in ICU were receiving antibiotics, among them only 57.3% neonates, 62% infants and 59.9% children were found valid that is prescribed antibiotics for right indication. 27% neonates, 19% infants and 22.1% children were prescribed under dose of antibiotics, which may lead to antimicrobial resistance and increased cost of hospital stay. Only 29.1% neonates, 30% infants and 36.8% children were receiving rational dosing. In Public Sector Hospital, 65.6% neonates, 19.4% infants and 15% children were receiving antibiotics. Among them valid indication was found in 35.3% neonates, 35.6% infants and 39.8% in children. 33.3% neonates, 26.6% infants and 28.2% children were receiving under dose that may lead to resistance not only among those who were prescribed under dose but also such bacteria become resistant and spread to other population to increase antimicrobial resistance. The irrational prescribing of antibiotics was found very high [above 50%] in Public sector hospital [Hospital-B] for every age group whereas in Private sector hospital [Hospital-A] this practice was found near to 50%. In this study the prescribing frequency of Amikacin, Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Meropenem, Amoxicillin, Vancomycin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Clarithromycin was found above 80% in both hospitals [A and B]. Among these, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Erythromycin and Cephalexin showed higher resistance i.e. 49.2%
ABSTRACT
Background: Atherosclerosis has been considered as the disease of intima with the role of tunica adventitia so far neglected. Current evidence shows that adventitia, and particularly the vasa vasora [VV] reacts to the process of atherogenesis
Objective: The study was aimed to calculate the VV density in adventitia and to correlate it with intimamedia thickness in aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Army Medical College Rawalpindi. Samples of vessels were obtained from twenty adult NZW rabbits fed normal [group A] or 2% high-cholesterol [group B] diet for 6 weeks [n=10/group]. Aortic sections were taken from each part [ascending, arch, descending thoracic and abdominal] of every aorta. Light microscopic cross sectional analysis was performed in H andE stained slides. Intima-media thickness [IMT] and adventitial VV density were calculated and their correlation was investigated in each part of aorta
Results: A total of 80 cross sections were analyzed. Mean+/-SE IMT and adventitial VV density was significantly increased in ascending, arch, and descending thoracic parts of group B versus their equivalent aortic parts in group A. But, there was an insignificant difference of means regarding VV density of abdominal aorta between both groups, despite a significant increase of IMT in group B. A very strong positive correlation was observed between the adventitial VV density and IMT in each aortic part of cholesterol-fed rabbits
Conclusion: The present study showed that increased IMT is strongly associated with enhanced adventitial VV density in each aortic part of cholesterol-fed rabbits
ABSTRACT
To investigate the variations in the total number of segmental arteries in human kidneys obtained from cadavers of the local adult population. Observational Study. This study was conducted at Anatomy Department of University of Health Sciences, Lahore, for a period of one year from October 2006 to October 2007. Forty four adult human kidneys were obtained after autopsy; they were randomly divided in two groups A and B of right and left kidneys respectively. Simple blunt dissection and corrosion cast techniques were used to study the number of segmental arteries. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS version 16.0 and STATA version 8.0. Segmental arteries were present in 100% of specimens of groups A and B; variations were seen in the number of segmental arteries of both groups. The segmental branches of renal artery in local population showed variations different from those reported in the earlier work carried out in other countries
Subject(s)
Humans , Renal Artery , CadaverABSTRACT
To evaluate the effect of tocotrienols on intimal thickening in ascending aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Randomized control trial. The Anatomy department of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from March 2009 to February 2010. Thirty, male, New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group- I was fed normal lab diet for six weeks. For the similar period, group-II and III were given 2% high cholesterol diet. However, group-III diet was also supplemented with tocotrienols [6 mg/kg body weight/day]. By the end of study, aorta was removed from each animal. Cross sections from ascending aorta were processed and embedded in paraffin. Light microscopic examination was performed in H and E and Verhoeff elastic stained slides. Tunica intima in group-I appeared as single layer of squamous endothelial cells, lying on a thin layer of loose connective tissue. High cholesterol diet in group-II induced marked atherosclerotic changes which were characterized by extensive intimal thickening with raised fatty streaks, pools of extracellular lipids, proliferation of smooth muscles and deposition of connective tissue matrix. Intimal thickening was also observed in group-III, but lesions were of lesser degree than group-II [P<0.05]. Histomorphometric analysis revealed significantly [P<0.001] higher thickness of intima in group-II and in group-III when either was compared with group-I. However, thickness of intima was 35% lesser [P<0.05] in group-III than group-II. Tocotrienols has significant potential in suppressing the intimal thickening of aorta in cholesterol-fed rabbits
Subject(s)
Male , Animals, Laboratory , Tunica Intima/drug effects , Aorta/drug effects , Rabbits , Cholesterol , Random Allocation , Microscopy, Polarization , AtherosclerosisABSTRACT
To compare the development of atherosclerotic changes in different parts of aorta in rabbits fed on high cholesterol diet. Experimental study. The Anatomy department of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi; from March 2009 to February 2010. Twenty adult Newzealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to two equal study groups. Group I was given regular lab diet and group II wras fed 2% high ch olesterol diet. After six weeks, aorta was excised from each animal. Cross sections were taken from each aortic part for microscopic examination. Rest of aorta was opened longitudinally and stained with Sudan IV for gross estimation of lesion. In contrast to group I, atherosclerotic changes developed in all the animals of group II but of varying intensity and site specificity. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, sudanophilic lesion score was significantly higher in arch versus descending thoracic or abdominal parts. Intimal thickening and intima to media ratio maximally increased in ascending part, followed by arch and then substantially decreased with increasing distance from heart. Ascending aorta and arch are the most atherosclerosis-susceptible aortic sites in cholesterol-fed rabbits