ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder among third grade primary school students in Rasht during the academic year of 2007-2008
Methods: A total of 200 students studying in third grade of primary school were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The parents and teachers completed the Conner's Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests
Results: It was shown that 26 children [14.4%], 32 children [17.67%], and 14 children [7.7%] had attention deficit/ hyperactive disorder according to the teachers, parents, or both teachers and parents reports, respectively
Conclusion: The prevalence of attention deficit/ hyperactive disorder that was reported by teachers, parents, or both of them was approximately high in comparison with the previous studies. It might be due our study sample selection in which only third grade primary school students were selected
Subject(s)
Humans , Prevalence , Schools , Students , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
For the present study, and follow-up of histochemical changes in estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], 48 virgin 90-day-old female rats were used. The rats were divided into the treatment and control groups. For each rat of the treatment group, 4 mg estradiol valerate was injected through intramuscular route for the induction of PCOS. The control group was taken the same amount of sterile sesame oil. After 63 days of hormone administration, all rats were sacrificed and their ovaries were collected immediately and processed for histochemical studies. These studies were consisted of localization of carbohydrate using PAS method, saturated and unsaturated lipids using Oil-Red-O and Sudan Black B, lipase and alkaline phosphatase. The PAS reaction was seen in some structures of the atretic and cystic follicles such as on zona pellucida [ZP], basement membrane of granulosa cells, connective tissue fibers of ovarian stroma, follicular fluid and granulose cells. This reaction was enhanced in basement membrane of granulose cells of cystic follicles. The lipid droplets were seen in follicular structures of both the atretic and cystic follicles. The presence of macrophages was confirmed in cystic ovaries by this study. The lipase reactions were seen in granulose and theca cells of atretic and cystic follicles. The lipase reaction in the theca layer of cystic follicles was stronger than in the granulose cell layer of such follicles. The alkaline phosphatase reaction was seen in the theca and granulose cells of atretic and cystic follicles and by the progression of these processes and cystic follicle formation, the reaction was increased accordingly. We concluded that, during follicular atresia and cystic follicle formation, histochemical alterations are occurred in follicular structures