Identification of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira species of Brazilian isolates by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Time Flight mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the identification of bacteria through the detection and analysis of their proteins or fragments derived from ribosomes. Slight sequence variations in conserved ribosomal proteins distinguish microorganisms at the subspecies and strain levels. Characterization of Leptospira spp. by 16S RNA sequencing is costly and time-consuming, and recent studies have shown that closely related species (e.g., Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri) may not be discriminated using this technology. Herein, we report an in-house Leptospira reference spectra database using Leptospira reference strains that were validated with a collection of well-identified Brazilian isolates kept in the Bacterial Zoonosis Laboratory at the Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Health Department at Sao Paulo University. In addition, L. interrogans and L. kirschneri were differentiated using an in-depth mass spectrometry analysis with ClinProTools™ software. In conclusion, our in-house reference spectra database has the necessary accuracy to differentiate pathogenic and non-pathogenic species and to distinguish L. interrogans and L. kirschneri.

Efficacy of leptospiral commercial vaccines on the protection against an autochtonous strain recovered in Brazil

Abstract In swine and bovines, leptospirosis prevention and control is carried out via vaccination of susceptible animals using bacterins. However, the efficiency of leptospirosis vaccines has been questioned. This work aimed to investigate the potency of five leptospirosis vaccines sold commercially in Brazil, challenging the animals with one autochthonous strain of Leptospira, Canicola serovar, denoted LO4, isolated from swine. The standard protocol was followed, and renal carriers of Leptospira were identified among the surviving animals by culture and PCR. Of the five vaccines tested, only two proved effective. None of the surviving animals was positive by culture; however, one animal was positive by PCR. Three of the five vaccines sold commercially in Brazil for the immunization of swine or bovines failed the test of the efficacy to protect the vaccinated animals following challenge with an autochthonous Leptospira strain, Canicola serovar. The two vaccines provided protection against the renal carrier state in the surviving animals. The criteria used to produce leptospirosis bacterins sold commercially in Brazil must be reviewed. The industry should support researches on leptospiral vaccinology to improve the quality of the present vaccines and discover new immunogenic strains, because it is known that vaccination is one of the most important tools to increase the reproduction rates in livestock.

Prevalência de leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos no Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul / Prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle herds in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul

Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico da leptospirose em fêmeas acima de 24 meses, provenientes de 246 rebanhos, e 2.766 animais amostrados aleatoriamente nos nove municípios que compõem a região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como identificados os fatores de risco associados à doença. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no período de setembro a novembro de 2009 e examinadas pelo teste de aglutinação microscópica ante uma coleção de 24 antígenos vivos de Leptospira spp., representantes dos sorovares Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Batavie, Canicola, Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Panamá, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi, Sentot, Andamana e Patoc. Adicionalmente, representantes de doze estirpes de leptospiras isoladas no Brasil foram adicionados à coleção de antígenos do teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). A prevalência aparente foi de 66% e a prevalência real de animais infectados, de 79,80%, com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% (78,3-81,3) e 241 rebanhos apresentando pelo menos um animal reagente. Os sorovares mais prováveis foram o Hardjo seguido pelo Wolffi. Os resultados demonstram que a leptospirose bovina continua presente no Pantanal, com alta prevalência tanto em rebanhos quanto em indivíduos, sendo os principais fatores de risco para a doença o tipo de exploração e a raça.(AU)

This is an epidemiological study of leptospirosis in 24 month-old females from 246 herds. Two thousand, seven hundred and sixty six (2,766) animals were randomly sampled in the nine counties comprising the region of Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The risk factors associated with the disease were also identified. Blood samples were collected from September to November 2009 and examined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against a collection of 24 live antigens of Leptospira spp., representatives of serovars Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Batavie, Canicola Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi, Sentot, Andamana, and Patoc. Additionally, twelve representatives of Leptospira strains isolated in Brazil were added to the collection of antigens for the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The apparent prevalence was 66% and the actual prevalence of infected animals was 79.80%, with a confidence interval of 95% (78.3 to 81.3) and 241 herds having at least one reactive animal. The most likely serovars were Hardjo followed by Wolffi. Results show that bovine leptospirosis is still present in Pantanal, with high prevalence both in animals and herds, the main risk factors for the disease being the type of cattle farming and breeding.(AU)

Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. antibodies in opossums (Didelphis spp.) in São Paulo State, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, anti-Neospora caninum e antiLeptospira spp. em gambás (Didelphis spp.) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Opossum (Didelphis spp.) is an omnivorous marsupial native to the Americas that shows synanthropic behavior in urban areas. Despite its proximity to domestic animals and humans, knowledge of its participation in the epidemiology of some zoonotic agents is substantial. This study aimed to determine the presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. and Leptospira spp. in blood samples collected from opossums in 18 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2003 and 2008. Blood samples from 343 opossums: Didelphis aurita (n = 256) and Didelphis albiventris (n = 87) were obtained. These were tested to detect antibodies against T. gondii, using the modified agglutination test (MAT-Toto; cutoff ≥ 25); Neospora spp., using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT; cutoff ≥ 25); and Leptospira spp., using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT-Lepto; cutoff ≥ 100). Frequency of anti-T. gondii, Neospora spp. and Leptospira spp. antibodies were in 22.7%, 1.5% and 3.5%, respectively. The serogroups-serovars of Leptospira spp. presenting positive MAT-Lepto reactions were: AutumnalisButembo; Mini-Mini; Ballum-Castellonis; Icterohaemorrhagiae-Icterohaemorrhagiae; Icterohaemorrhagiae-Copenhageni and Grippotyphosa-Grippotyphosa or Bananal. This study demonstrated that these zoonotic agents are circulating in opossum populations in the state of São Paulo. Therefore, investigations regarding the role of marsupials in the epidemiology of each of these diseases should be conducted, especially to understand the behavior of these animals as zoonosis maintenance hosts.(AU)

O gambá (Didelphis spp.) é um marsupial onívoro nativo das Américas que apresenta comportamento sinantrópico em áreas urbanas. Apesar da sua proximidade com animais domésticos e o homem, o conhecimento da sua participação na epidemiologia de alguns agentes zoonóticos é fundamental. Este estudo objetivou determinar a presença de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. e Leptospira spp. em amostras de sangue colhidas de gambás de 18 municípios do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 2003 e 2008. Foram obtidas amostras sanguíneas de 343 gambás: Didelphis aurita (n = 256) e Didelphis albiventris (n = 87). As amostras foram testadas para detecção de anticorpos contra T. gondii, utilizando o teste de aglutinação modificado (TAM-Toxo; ponto de corte ≥ 25); Neospora spp., utilizando a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI; ponto de corte ≥ 25); e Leptospira spp., utilizando a soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM-Lepto; ponto de corte ≥ 100). As frequências de anticorpos contra T. gondii, Neospora spp. e Leptospira spp. foram 22,7%, 1,5% e 3,5%, respectivamente. Os sorogrupossorovares de Leptospira spp. que apresentaram soropositividade foram: Autumnalis-Butembo; Mini-Mini; Ballum-Castellonis; Icterohaemorrhagiae-Icterohaemorrhagiae; Icterohaemorrhagiae-Copenhageni e Grippotyphosa-Grippotyphosa ou Bananal. Esse estudo demonstrou que esses agentes estão circulando em populações de gambás no estado de São Paulo. Desta forma, investigações que visam determinar o papel dos marsupiais na epidemiologia de cada doença devem ser conduzidas, especialmente visando o entendimento do comportamento desses animais como hospedeiros dessas zoonoses.(AU)

Prevalência e fatores de risco para a leptospirose e brucelose na população canina da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brasil / Prevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in the canine population of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de leptospirose e brucelose por Brucella canis e determinar os fatores de risco associados com a positividade em cães da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram examinados 570 animais distribuídos em 4 regiões nos 48 bairros do município, no período de setembro de 2007 a março de 2008. O diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi efetuado com o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), e para o diagnóstico de brucelose foi realizado hemocultivo. Dos 570 animais examinados, 187 (32,8%; IC95% 28,9 - 36,8) foram soropositivos para leptospirose, com predomínio de reações para os sorovares Pyrogenes, Autumnalis e Canicola, e 6 (1,05%; IC95% 0,4 - 2,2) foram positivos para brucelose. A variável atividade sexual (OR = 1,73) foi identificada como fator de risco associado à positividade para leptospirose, e o manejo do tipo solto foi considerado fator de risco tanto para leptospirose (OR = 1,96) quanto para brucelose (OR = 10,85). Conclui-se que a leptospirose e a brucelose estão presentes em cães da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, São Paulo, e que a atividade sexual e o acesso irrestrito à rua são condições associadas com a prevalência das infecções.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis and brucellosis due to Brucella canis and to determine the risk factors associated with positivity in dogs of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 570 blood samples were collected from dogs from 4 regions of 48 districts of the county of Ibiúna during the period of September 2007 to March 2008. Serological diagnosis of leptospirosis was performed with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and blood culture was used for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Of the 570 dogs used 187 (32.8%; 95%CI 28.9 - 36.8) were seropositive to leptospirosis, with predominance of reactions to serovars Pyrogenes, Autumnalis and Canicola, and 6 (1.05%; 95%CI 0.4 - 2.2) were positive to brucellosis. Variable sexual activity (OR = 1.73) was identified as risk factor associated with the positivity to leptospirosis, and free access to street was considered risk factor for both leptospirosis (OR = 1.96) and brucellosis (OR = 10.85). It is concluded that leptospirosis and brucellosis are present in dogs of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, and sexual activity and free access to street are conditions associated with the prevalence of infections.(AU)

Evaluation of a MPB70-ELISA to differentiate Mycobacterium bovis from M. avium-sensitized swine / Avaliação de um MPB70-ELISA para diferenciar entre suínos sensibilizados com Mycobacterium bovis ou M. avium

Swine are susceptible to different mycobacteria species, being Mycobacterium bovis an agent of tuberculosis, with most significant zoonotic risks, while M. avium determines a granulomatous lymphadenitis with low zoonotic risk. Currently performed intradermal tests present some important limitations, such as the lack of ability to detect anergic animals or to differentiate among mycobacterial species. In order to improve the TB diagnosis, serological assays have been developed, with encouraging results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a MPB70-ELISA in 82 piglets divided into four groups: sensitized by inactivated M. bovis, M. avium, inoculated with oil adjuvant, or with saline solution. The test was able to discriminate between an animal sensitized by M. bovis and animals of the three other groups, including M. avium-sensitized animals; for this reason, we suggest that MPB70-ELISA could be used as a complementary tool for discriminating the agent of the mycobacteriosis, and therefore to diagnose tuberculosis in a swine herd.(AU)

Suínos são suscetíveis a diferentes espécies de micobactérias, sendo Mycobacterium bovis agente de tuberculose (TB), com claro risco zoonótico, enquanto M. avium determina uma linfadenite granulomatosa (LG) de baixo risco zoonótico. Os testes intradérmicos atualmente realizados apresentam algumas limitações importantes, como a falta de habilidade em detectar animais anérgicos ou de diferenciar entre as espécies micobacterianas. Com o intuito de melhorar o diagnóstico de TB, testes sorológicos têm sido desenvolvidos, com resultados encorajadores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar um MPB70-ELISA em 82 leitões divididos em quatro grupos: sensibilizados por M. bovis, por M. avium, inoculados com óleo adjuvante ou com solução salina. O teste foi capaz de discriminar entre os animais sensibilizados com M. bovis dos demais três grupos, incluindo aqueles que foram sensibilizados com M. avium; desta forma, sugere-se que o MPB70-ELISA poderia ser utilizado como ferramenta complementar para discriminar o agente da micobacteriose, e portanto diagnosticar TB em um plantel de suínos.(AU)

Cross-protection between experimental anti-leptospirosis bacterins

We investigated the existence of cross-protection between two anti-leptospirosis monovalent experimental bacterins produced with two strains of Leptospira serogroup Pomona: Fromm strain of serovar Kennewicky, isolated from pigs in the United States, and strain GR6 of serovar Pomona isolated from pigs in Brazil. Both were added of aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Experimental bacterins were tested with the hamster potency test in order to assess protection provided against the disease and against the establishment of kidney infection. Controls were polyvalent commercial vaccine produced with Leptospira strains isolated outside Brazil, which included a representative of Pomona serovar, or Sorensen solution added of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The challenge was performed with cross-strains of serogroup Pomona tested in accordance with international standards established for the potency test. After 21 days of the challenge, survivors were killed to evaluate the condition of Leptospira renal carrier. Experimental bacterins protected hamsters against homologous and heterologous strains, demonstrating the existence of cross-protection. The commercial vaccine protected the hamsters challenged with both strains, but there was a high proportion of animals diagnosed as renal carriers when the challenge was performed with strain GR6, isolated from pigs in Brazil.

Production of leptospiral LipL32 antigen in Pichia pastoris and its use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

The production of recombinant LipL32 protein using Escherichia coli has been used extensively for the development of vaccines and diagnostic tests for leptospirosis. However, E. coli has demonstrated limitations, including low yield and lack of post-translational modifications. In this study, rLipL32 was produced in eukaryotic expression system (Pichia pastoris) and evaluated the antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The yield obtained from the culture supernatant reached 270 mg/L and ELISA showed an accuracy of 95.34%. In summary, the production of rLipL32 using P. pastoris did not impair the antigenic characteristics of this antigen and ensured its use for detecting the leptospiral antibodies in swine sera.

Thin layer microcolony culture associated with PCR for early identification of Mycobacterium bovis

The initial growth of mycobacteria from 49 samples of cattle and buffalo organs collected in commercial slaughterhouses was compared between modified Middlebrook 7H11 thin layer microcolony culture and Stonebrink medium used in the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. Aliquots were decontaminated by Petroff's method, processed and cultured in both media. The identity of the acid-fast bacilli stained by Ziehl-Neelsen was confirmed by PCR. Optical microscopy showed that results of the early observation of Mycobacterium bovis colonies in thin layer culture were similar to those obtained in macroscopic observation of the colonies in Stonebrink medium. However, early observation of the colonies enabled early confirmation by PCR, given the shorter time to the visualization of colonies when thin layer culture was used (between the 12nd and 25th day of culture).

Tuberculosis in goats and sheep slaughtered in the semiarid of the Paraíba state, Northeast region of Brazil / Tuberculose em caprinos e ovinos abatidos no semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil

The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize microorganisms in hypertrophied lymph nodes or gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis collected from 12 goats and 28 sheep slaughtered at the public slaughterhouse of Patos municipality, Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The identification of mycobacteria was performed by the PRA method (PCR-Restriction Enzyme Analysis). Histopathological examination of lesions was also performed. Organs affected were liver, lung, mammary gland, bladder and mediastinal, mesenteric, submandibular, parotid, popliteal, precrural, prescapular and superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Histopathological examination showed the presence of granulomas in 8 (20.00%) animals. Of the 12 goats, 1 (8.33%) was positive in the culture of mycobacteria, and by PRA method the isolate was classified as belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex. Two (7.14%) sheep were positive for the presence of environmental mycobacteria. There was isolation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in 8 (66.66%) goats and 17 (60.71%) sheep, and simultaneous isolation of mycobacteria and C. pseudotuberculosis in 1 (8.33%) goat and 1 (3.57%) sheep. The isolation of mycobacteria of the M. tuberculosis complex in goats in this study raises concerns of public health, as professionals involved in handling these animals and the meat and milk consumers are exposed to the risk [...]

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi isolar e tipificar micro-organismos presentes em linfonodos hipertrofiados ou lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose colhidos de 12 caprinos e 28 ovinos abatidos no matadouro público do município de Patos, Paraíba. A identificação de micobactérias foi feita com o método PRA (PCR-Restriction Enzyme Analysis). Também foi realizado o exame histopatológico das lesões. Os órgãos afetados foram fígado, pulmão, glândula mamária, bexiga e linfonodos mediastínicos, mesentéricos, submandibulares, parotídeos, poplíteos, pré-crural, pré-escapular e inguinal superficial. O exame histopatológico apontou a presença de granulomas em 8 (20,00%) animais. Dos 12 caprinos, 1 (8,33%) foi positivo no cultivo de micobactérias, e pelo método PRA o isolado foi classificado como pertencente ao complexo M. tuberculosis. Dois (7,14%) ovinos foram positivos para a presença de micobactérias ambientais. Houve isolamento de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em 8 (66,66%) caprinos e em 17 (60,71%) ovinos, e isolamento simultâneo de micobactérias e C. pseudotuberculosis em 1 (8,33%) caprino e 1 (3,57%) ovino. O isolamento de micobactéria do complexo M. tuberculosis em caprinos no presente trabalho levanta preocupações do ponto de vista de saúde pública, uma vez que profissionais envolvidos na manipulação destes animais, bem como a população consumidora de carne [...]

Controle da eficácia de bacterinas antileptospirose: relação entre os resultados dos testes de inibição de crescimento de leptospiras in vitro com os do desafio in vivo em hamsters / Efficacy of anti-leptospirosis bacterines: relation between the results of the in vitro growth inhibition test and the potency test, in vivo, with challenge in hamsters

Foi efetuada a comparação em hamsters da proteção conferida e dos níveis de anticorpos induzidos por duas bacterinas comerciais antileptospirose. Os ensaios empregados foram o teste oficial de potência com desafio (TP), o ensaio proposto, teste de inibição de crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (ICLIV) e a soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). O protocolo de imunização foi representado por duas aplicações individuais de 0,25 mL das bacterinas, puras ou de suas diluições geométricas de razão dois variando de 200 a 51.200 para a bacterina A e de 200 a 3.200 para a bacterina B, por via subcutânea com o intervalo de 15 dias. Decorridos 15 dias da segunda aplicação de vacina, um grupo de animais foi desafiado com 0,2 mL de cultivos de leptospiras, por indivíduo, respectivamente dos sorovares Canicola (bacterinas A e B) ou Kennewicki (bacterina A). Os números de doses infectantes empregados nos desafios foram de 100 e 631 respectivamente, para os sorovares Canicola e Kennewicki. Decorridos 21 dias do desafio, os grupos de animais utilizados nos testes de ICLIV e SAM foram sangrados e os seus soros foram reunidos em pools (n = 5). No TP, adotando-se os critérios internacionais, as bacterinas foram aprovadas. A comparação do desempenho das bacterinas para os sorovares adotados, segundo sua concentração, por meio das proporções de animais sobreviventes ao TP e a média dos títulos de anticorpos identificados no teste de ICLIV, indicou que um título igual ou superior a 0,77 log corresponde ao nível de aprovação da bacterina no TP.

It was performed a comparison between the protection afforded in hamsters and the antibody levels induced by two commercial vaccines against leptospirosis. The assays used were the official challenge test (TP), the in vitro leptospires growth inhibition test (ICLIV) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The immunization protocol consisted of two single applications, 15 days from each other, of 0.25 mL of the bacterins, pure or its two-fold serial dilutions: 200 to 51,200 for bacterin A and 200 to 3.200 bacterin B, both of them administered subcutaneously. A group of animals was challenged, after 15 days from the second vaccine application, with 0.2 mL/animal of live leptospire cultures, with Canicola (bacterin A and B) or Kennewicki (bacterin A) serovars. The numbers of infective doses employed in the challenges were 100 and 631 for Canicola and Kennewicki serovars, respectively. After 15 days from the second vaccine dose the groups of animals used in ICLIV and SAM tests were bled and their sera were collected in pools (n = 5). In TP, adopting the criteria established by the Code Federal Regulation, both bacterins were approved. The comparison of the performance of the tested bacterins with the adopted serovars, according to its concentration, by the proportions of surviving animals to the challenge assay and the average of the neutralizing antibodies titers, established a neutralizing antibodies titer equal or higher than 0.77 log corresponding with the bacterin level of approval in the potency assay.

Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying Mycobacterium bovis isolates from the modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar thin layer technique

The associated use of the modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar thin layer technique and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay enabled to perform the early identification of microcolonies of Mycobacterium bovis from 12th to 25th day of culture. In order to reduce the time for performing the Mycobacterium bovis identification, the combined use of these two techniques was evaluated by analyzing the microcolonies of mycobacteria at the 8th day after culturing. Until the last day of analysis, all of the PCR-positive samples already showed the microcolonies. Therefore, the early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis is feasible, without an apparent macroscopic colonies growth.

Survey of Leptospira spp in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Pantanal wetlands of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil by serology and polymerase chain reaction

This work reports a survey of Leptospira spp in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Pantanal wetlands of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seventy pampas deer were captured in the dry season and surveyed using PCR, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (n = 51) and by both techniques (n = 47). PCR detected infections in two pampas deer and MAT detected infections in three. Through sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, the PCR-amplified fragment detected in deer was identified as Leptospira interrogans. Serovars Pomona and Butembo were detected using MAT and the highest titre was 200 for serovar Pomona. Epidemiological aspects of the findings are discussed.

Associação entre brucelose e ocorrência de abortamentos em bovinos do estado do Espírito Santo: nota prévia / Association between brucellosis and occurrence of abortions in bovine from the Espírito Santo State, Southeast region of Brazil

Foi conduzido um estudo para verificar a possível associação entre ocorrência de abortamentos e soroprevalência debrucelose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram analisados 5.201 soros de fêmeas bovinas com idade igual ousuperior a 24 meses, provenientes de 571 propriedades, sorteadas dentro de duas regiões do Estado (região 1, norte doEstado; região 2, sul do Estado). Para o diagnóstico sorológico da brucelose bovina, foi utilizado o teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) como prova de triagem e o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol como prova confirmatória.Uma propriedade foi considerada foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Nas duas regiões e no Estado todo, a prevalência de brucelose foi significativamente maior nas propriedades que relataram a ocorrência de abortamentos e nos animais com histórico de abortamentos (P < 0,05), indicando que a Brucella abortus pode ser umacausa importante de abortamentos no Estado do Espírito Santo

A survey to investigate the possible association between the occurrence of abortion and seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in theState of Espírito Santo, Southeast region of Brazil, was carried out. A total of 5,201 sera from cows 24 months-old from 571 herds,drawn in two regions of the state (region 1, north of the state, region 2, south of the state), were analyzed. For serological diagnosisof bovine brucellosis the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) was applied as a screening test and the 2-mercaptoethanol test as a confirmatorytest. A herd was considered focus when presented at least one seropositive animal. In both regions and in the State, prevalence ofbrucellosis was significantly higher in herds that have reported the occurrence of abortions and in animals with a history of abortions(P < 0.05), indicating that Brucella abortus may be an important cause of abortions in the State of Espírito Santo

Ocorrência e fatores de risco associados à leptospiroseem cães atendidos em hospital veterinário no semiáridoparaibano / Occurrence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dogs attended in a veterinaryhospital in the semiarid of the Paraíba State, Northeast region of Brazil

Investigou-se a ocorrência de leptospirose em cães da cidade de Patos, semiárido paraibano, e realizou-se um estudode fatores de risco associados à infecção. Foram examinadas 152 amostras de soro sanguíneo de cães atendidos emhospital veterinário no período de julho a novembro de 2008. O diagnóstico da leptospirose foi realizado pela técnica desoroaglutinação microscópica, utilizando-se uma coleção de 24 sorovariedades. A frequência de animais soropositivosencontrada foi de 19,73% (IC 95% = 13,73% - 26,96%), e as sorovariedades mais frequentes foram Autumnalis (13,16%)e Grippotyphosa (1,97%). A análise de regressão logística múltipla mostrou que os fatores de risco para a leptospiroseforam a não definição da raça (odds ratio = 3,67; P = 0,009) e o contato com caprinos/ovinos (odds ratio = 10; P = 0,034).

The occurrence of leptospirosis was investigated in dogs from Patos city, semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeast region ofBrazil, and the risk factors associated with the infection were analyzed. One hundred and fifty two blood samples werecollected from dogs attended in a veterinary hospital during July to November 2008. The diagnostic method carriedout for leptospirosis was the microscopic agglutination test, using a batch of 24 leptospiral serovars. The frequency ofseropositive animals was 19.73% (95% CI = 13.73% - 26.96%) and most frequent reactant serovars were Autumnalis(13.16%) and Grippotyphosa (1.97%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors forleptospirosis were mixed breed (odds ratio = 3.67; P = 0.009) and the contact with caprine/ovine (odds ratio = 10; P =0.034).

Detection of brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba state, in the northeast region of Brazil

To determine the presence of Brucella ovis in ovine from Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil, 80 animals slaughtered in the public slaughterhouse of Patos city were used. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected by jugular venopuncture from each animal, and after slaughter, testicles, epidydimus and uterus were aseptically collected. For the serological diagnosis of B. ovis and B. abortus infections, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Rose Bengal (RBT) tests were carried out, respectively. In addition, microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples. Six animals (7.5 percent) tested positive for the presence of B. ovis antibodies and all animals tested negative for the presence of B. abortus antibodies. One AGID-positive animal tested positive at uterine swab culture. PCR was able to amplify DNA of Brucella spp. from the pool of testicle, epidydimus and uterus samples from AGID-positive animals. This is the first report of isolation and detection of B. ovis DNA by PCR in ovine from the Northeast region of Brazil.

Anticorpos anti Brucella abortus, anti Brucella canis e anti Leptospira spp. em raposas (Pseudalopex vetulus) do semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil / Detection of anti Brucella abortus, anti Brucella canis and anti Leptospira spp. Antibodies in hoary foxes (Pseudalopex vetulus) from semi-arid of Paraiba state, Northeastern region of Brazil

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti Brucella abortus, anti Brucella canis e anti Leptospira spp. em raposas (Pseudalopex vetulus). Para tanto, foram utilizadas 60 raposas atropeladas em rodovias no semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti Brucella abortus, o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) foi empregado como teste de triagem, e a prova do 2-mercaptoetanol foi empregada como método confirmatório. Para o diagnóstico sorológico das infecções por Brucella canis e Leptospira spp., foram utilizados os testes de imunodifusão em gel de agar (IDGA) e soroaglutinação microscópica, respectivamente. Todas as amostras foram negativas na pesquisa de anticorpos anti Brucella canis e anti Leptospira spp. Das 60 raposas testadas, 16 (26,6 por cento) foram positivas para anticorpos anti Brucella abortus no teste de AAT, e quatro (6,7 por cento) amostras foram confirmadas no teste de 2-mercaptoetanol, sendo duas amostras com título 100 e duas com título 50.

The aim of this research was to determine the occurrence of anti Brucella abortus, anti B. canis and anti Leptospira spp. antibodies in foxes (Pseudalopex vetulus). Sixty road-killed wild foxes from semi-arid of Paraiba state, Northeastern region of Brazil, were used. For the detection of anti B. abortus antibodies, the buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT) was applied as a screening method and the 2-mercaptoethanol test as a confirmatory method. For serological diagnosis of infections by B. canis and Leptospira spp., the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were used, respectively. All samples were negative for anti B. canis and anti Leptospira spp. antibodies. Of the 60 foxes tested, 16 (26.6 percent) were positive for anti B. abortus antibodies at BPAT, four (6.7 percent) samples were confirmed in the 2-mercaptoethanol test, and two samples presented titer 100 and two titer 50.

Estabelecimento da leptospirose por infecção experimental em hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) com leptospira interrogans sorovar canicola, estirpe LO4, por exposição cutânea integra e com abrasões / Development of the leptospirosis by experimental infection in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, strain LO4, by intact and scratched skin exposures

O estabelecimento e a evolução da leptospirose em hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) pela infecção experimental com Leptospira interrogans sorovar Canicola, estirpe LO4, pela exposição cutânea íntegra e escarificada, tendo como controle a via intraperitoneal foram avaliados. Foram utilizados 120 hamsters, fêmeas, distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com a via de inoculação (pele escarificada e pele íntegra). O inóculo infeccioso foi constituído por uma cultura pura de L. interrogans sorovar Canicola (estirpe LO4), isolada do fígado de um suíno de abatedouro em Londrina, Estado do Paraná e tipificada pela técnica de adsorção de aglutininas com o kit de anticorpos monoclonais no Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdã, Holanda. Os animais foram observados duas vezes ao dia, durante 21 dias. Os animais que vieram a óbito foram necropsiados e colhidos assepticamente rins, fígado, sistema genital (útero e ovário) e cérebro. Os animais sobreviventes foram eutanasiados após 21 dias. Foram ainda colhidas amostras de soro sanguíneo por punção cardíaca para a pesquisa de aglutininas antileptospiras nos animais sobreviventes, pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Para a detecção de leptospiras, foram utilizados microscopia direta a fresco e cultivo microbiológico. A via cutânea escarificada induziu maior letalidade quando comparada com a pele integra, com estabelecimento e evolução da leptospirose. Por outro lado, a via cutânea íntegra induziu mais frequentemente o estado de portador renal e/ou genital para leptospirose. A estirpe LO4 apresentou baixo poder imunogênico, induzindo soroconversão na SAM em apenas um animal.

The establishment and evolution of leptospirosis in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) by experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola, LO4 strain, by intact and scratched skin exposures, having as control the intraperitoneal route, were evaluated. Hundred-twenty female hamsters distributed in two groups according to inoculation route (intact and scratched skin) were used. Infectious inoculum was constituted by a pure culture of L. interrogans serovar Canicola (strain LO4), isolated from liver from a slaughtered swine in Londrina, Paraná state and typified by agglutinins adsortion technique with monoclonal antibody kit at the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The animals were observed twice a day during 21 days. Animals that died were necropsied and kidneys, liver, genital tract (uterus and ovaries) and brain were aseptically collected. On the 21st post-inoculation day, surviving animals were euthanized. In these animals, serum samples were also collected by cardiac puncture to antileptospires agglutinins research using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Fresh direct microscopy and microbiological culture were used for the detection of leptospires. Scratched skin route induced larger lethality when compared to intact skin route, with establishment and evolution of leptospirosis. On the other hand, intact skin route induced renal and/or genital carrier state more frequently. LO4 strain presented low immunogenic power, characterized by soroconversion at the MAT in only one inoculated animal.

EMJH medium with 5-fluorouracil and nalidixic acid associated with serial dilution technique used to recover Leptospira spp from experimentally contaminated bovine semen / Meio de EMJH com 5-fluorouracil e ácido nalidíxico associado a técnica das diluições seriadas usados para recuperar Leptospira spp do sêmen bovino experimentalmente contaminado

Bovine semen experimentally contaminated with Leptospira santarosai serovar Guaricura was submitted tothe modified EMJH medium with 5-fluorouracil (300mg/L) and nalidixic acid (20mg/L), named as ôselectivemediumõ and using the serial dilution technique, in order to evaluate the percentage of recovery of the addedmicroorganism. The selective EMJH medium was found with higher percentage of recovery of leptospirasand minor losses of samples due to contamination with opportunistic microorganisms than the non-selectiveEMJH medium: 151/376 (40.0%) of positive growth; and 38/376 (10.0%) contamination and 58/376 (15%) and129/376 (34.0%), respectively. These results were statistically significant (p<0. 0001; Fisher). Differences werefound when the frequencies of positive leptospires recovery have been compared in the serial dilution technique (10-1 to 10-4) between the selective and non-selective media at different dilution factors. At 1/10th dilution the percentages found were (0%, 0/80) and (38%, 30/80), at 1/100th dilution, (3%, 2/80) and (49%, 39/ 80) and at 1/1,000th dilution, (25%, 20/80) and (50%, 40/80), respectively. The percentage of recovery of leptospires was found to be directly proportional to the dilution used. The methodology of the serial dilution technique (setting at least three dilutions) and the use of selective EMJH medium have been found to be efficient for the isolation of leptospires from the bovine semen samples.

Sêmen bovino experimentalmente contaminado com a estirpe Leptospira santarosai Sorovar Guaricura foi utilizado para verificar a porcentagem de recuperação de leptospiras, utilizandoo meio de EMJH com 5-fluorouracil (300 mg/L) e ácido nalidíxico (20 mg/L), denominado ômeio seletivoõ, associado à técnica das diluições seriadas. O meio seletivo EMJH foi encontrado comporcentagem de recuperação mais elevada e com menos perda de amostras devido à contaminação com microorganismos oportunistas quando comparado com o meio EMJH não seletivo, que foram encontrados, respectivamente, com 151/376 (40.0%) de crescimento positivo e 38/376 (10.0%) de contaminação, 58/376 (15%) e 129/376 (34.0%). Estes resultados foram estatíticamente significantes (p<0, 0001; Fisher). Diferenças foram encontradas quando as freqüências de leptospiras recuperadas foram comparadas com a técnica de diluição seriada (10-1 a 10-4) e entre os meios seletivo e não-seletivo, em diferentes níveis de diluição. À diluição de 1/10, as porcentagens encontradas foram (0%, 0/80) e (38%, 30/80); à diluição 1/100, (3%, 2/80) e (49%, 39/80); e à diluição 1/1000, (25%, 20/80) e (50%, 40/80), respectivamente. A porcentagem de recuperação de leptospiras foi diretamente proporcional às diluições empregadas. A metodologia das diluições seriadas (estabelecendo pelo menos três diluições) e o uso de meio EMJH seletivo mostraram ser eficientes no isolamento de leptospiras presentes nas amostras de sêmen bovino.

Isolation of leptospira Serovars Canicola and Copenhageni from cattle urine in the state of Paraná, Brazil / Isolamento de leptospiras dos Sorovares Canicola e Copenhageni em amostras de urina de bovinos no estado do Paraná, Brasil

In 2001, 698 urine samples were randomly collected from cattle at a slaughterhouse in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Direct examination using dark field microscopy was carried out immediately after collection. Five putative positive samples were cultured in modified EMJH medium, yielding two positive cultures (LO-14 and LO-10). Typing with monoclonal antibodies revealed that the two isolates were similar to Canicola (LO-14) and Copenhageni (LO-10). Microscopic agglutination test results show that Hardjo is the most common serovar in cattle in Brazil. Rats and dogs are the common maintenance hosts of serovars Copenhageni and Canicola. The excretion of highly pathogenic serovars such as Copenhageni and Canicola by cattle can represent an increasing risk for severe leptospirosis is large populations, mainly living in rural areas.

No ano de 2001, 698 amostras de urina foram colhidas aleatoriamente, durante o abate em um frigorífico do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O exame direto em microscópio de campo escuro foi realizado imediatamente após a colheita. As cinco amostras de urina positivas neste exame foram semeadas em meio EMJH modificado, sendo possível o crescimento de leptospiras em duas (LO-14 e LO-10). As estirpes isoladas foram tipificadas, por painel de anticorpos monoclonais, como mais similares ao perfil das amostras de referência dos sorovares Canicola (LO-14) e Copenhageni (LO-10). No Brasil, inquéritos sorológicos utilizando a prova de soroaglutinação microscópica mostram o predomínio de reações para o sorovar Hardjo em bovinos. Roedores e cães são os reservatórios mais comuns dos sorovares Copenhageni e Canicola, respectivamente. A eliminação dos sorovares Canicola e Copenhageni pela espécie bovina pode resultar em um aumento na ocorrência de casos graves de leptospirose humana, principalmente na população rural.