ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the major health burden in India. For detection in early stage, the screening test is Pap smear. To check the sensitivity and specificity of Bethesda system, the cytological findings have to be correlated with histology considering histopathology as gold standard. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Pathology Department of at tertiary care center; Saraswati Institute of Medical Science (SIMS), Hapur. Cytopathological findings were correlated with corresponding follow-up histopathological findings using revised 2014 Bethesda System. Results: Most of patients were of age group 41-50 years which was 56 (37.33%), followed by the age group 51-60 years which was 40 (26.67%). Majority cases were of parity 3 which were 51 cases (34%) followed by parity 4 which were 40 (26.67) with mean parity of patient being 3.30. Conclusion: The Pap smear has good sensitivity and specificity in detecting pre-neoplastic lesions of uterine cervix and it is cost effective too.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is one of the commonest presentations of patients in gynecology OPD (Outdoor patient department). Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common sign of a number of different uterine disorders ranging from dysfunctional (non-organic) abnormalities or complications of pregnancy to organic lesions such as polyps, hyperplasia, or carcinoma. Materials and methods: Present study included 200 patients who attended OPD of Gynecology Department, with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding. All the biopsy specimens were sent to Pathology Department. We had made an appropriate histopathological diagnosis for each case. The data was collected and analyzed statistically. Results: Out of 200 cases studied, 21% were found out to be secretory endometrium, 30% proliferative endometrium, 9% simple hyperplasia without atypia, 5% complex hyperplasia without atypia, 8% endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, 3% endometrial polyp, 8% chronic nonspecific endometritis, 2% tuberculous endometritis, 1% Arias-stella reaction, 10% products of conception, 1% complete and partial hydatidiform mole, 1% endometrial carcinoma and 1% squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. Conclusion: Endometrial biopsy is a safe, reliable and less time consuming outpatient procedure which can be used as an initial diagnostic tool in the patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to examine the allele and genotype of APOA5 -1131T/C (rs662799) and APOA5-56C/G (rs3135506) gene in acute myocardial (AMI) case and control subjects. 304 case and 304 controls were enrolled in this study. DNA was extracted using salting out method followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion (using MseI for -1131T/C and Taq1 for -56C/G). Digested PCR products were identified using agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. There was a strong association between APOA5 -1131T/C (TC vs. TT, OR= 1.58 and CC vs. TT OR= 2.43) and APOA5 -56C/G (CG vs. CC, OR= 1.64 and GG vs. CC, OR= 2.44) polymorphisms with AMI. Out of the six potential risk factors for coronary artery disease, only smoking, diabetes and hypertension were found to be associated with APOA5 gene and increased the risk of AMI. Smoking was the most prominent risk factor for both the genes. Other risk factors like history of dyslipidemia, obesity and family history of coronary artery disease did not reveal any potential association with the candidate gene. Our data demonstrate that both the SNPs in the APOA5 gene (-1131T/C, and -56C/G) were strongly associated with AMI in north Indian population.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are hormonal pills used by females to prevent conception; they are a combination of estrogen and progestin. There is, however, compelling evidence that throughout the reproductive life of a woman, her airways are subject to the influence of the cyclical variations in sex hormones which occur in relation to circadian rhythms. The present study has been designed to investigate the effects of OCPs on airway resistance in terms of spirometric parameters in OCP users and nonusers. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 women (age: 20-40 years) ware selected for the present study. The subjects were provided with a one-month supply of OCPs. The constituents per tablet of MALA-N used were levonorgestrel 0.15 mg and ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory flow in expiring 25-75% air (FEF 25-75), forced expiratory volume percentage in one second (FEV1% or FEV1/FVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were recorded. Results: In our study, the FEF 25-75and PEFR increased significantly in OCP users, showing that these hormone pills decrease the resistance offered by small bronchioles.