ABSTRACT
Background: When one or more extra X chromosome is added to a normal male karyotype (46-XY), then a new aneuploidy appears called Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). Every day approximately more than 50 new such cases are added in the male population of India. Traditionally they are lean, thin, tall, azoospermic, hypogonadic, infertile males with low social and educational profile. As the age advances level of testosterone decreases and many new symptoms of multiple systemic disorders appear in these cases. Methods: A well designed questionnaire of infertile males attending the above- mentioned OPD’s was filled with history, clinical examination and semen analysis (twice as per the WHO criteria). Results: In our series of 500 azoospermic males, we encountered 56 classical KS cases (11.2 %) of 47-XXY karyotype, who were hypergonadotrophic hypogonadic and diagnosed with multiple diseases when evaluated in detail. Conclusions: Hence, every KS must receive androgen replacement therapy, which should begin at puberty and continue for lifelong that helps in preventing the development of high comorbidity rate and premature deaths because these are very high in such condition as compared to normal male population.
ABSTRACT
Background: Demographic transition across globe leading towards greying of population. Worldwide, raised blood pressure is estimated to cause 12.8% of the total annual deaths. This account for 3.7% of total DALYs. Several community-based studies have served to emphasize that hypertension is rapidly emerging as a major public health problem. However, only a few of these studies included elderly people. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence and factors influencing hypertension among elderly population of Raipur city. Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was carried out in capital of Chhattisgarh, including urban and slum area from July 2013 to June 2014. Multistage simple random sampling methods were used. Study population comprises of all elderly 60 years and above residing in the study area for at least one year. A total of 640 subjects were included in study. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension in present study was 50%, prevalent among females (55.49%), shows a significant positive association with body mass index, physical activity and age up to old age group (75-84) yrs. Surprisingly inverse association was observed with alcohol (P <0.001) and smoking (P <0.05) status. Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the public health importance of hypertension in the elderly in Raipur city, and need to strengthen the national programme for hypertension. From a public health perspective, there is definite need for screening of elderly.