ABSTRACT
Several conceptual and experimental studies on the behavioral-analytic literature have suggested that it is possible to address B.F. Skinner's cultural selection phenomena through heuristic approaches. The concepts of metacontingency, interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), cultural milieus, aggregate products, cultural consequences and receiving systems are useful tools for the cultural level of analysis. This paper reviews Glenn and Malott's (2004) perspective on complexity in organizations and suggests complementing it with Norbert Elias' sociological approach, in which increasing complexity in a social system results in (a) increasing conflicts between individual and cultural consequences, (b) greater concurrency of the contingencies that affect the behavior of each member of the group, and (c) the specialization of the functions performed by each participant in the system. We suggest that the more complex a social system is, the more social mediation is necessary to select the IBCs and the more differentiated the cultural consequences from the aggregate product.
Varios trabajos conceptuales y experimentales en la literatura analítico-conductual han considerado que es posible hacer frente a los fenómenos sugeridos por BF Skinner como selección cultural de manera heurística. Los conceptos de metacontingencia, contingencias conductuales entrelazadas (CCE), entorno cultural, producto agregado, consecuencias culturales y sistema receptor son herramientas útiles para aplicar el nivel cultural de análisis. El artículo examina las sugerencias de Glenn y Malott (2004) sobre la complejidad en las organizaciones y sugiere que ésta podría ser complementada por las dimensiones: (a) conflicto entre las consecuencias individuales y culturales; (b) la concurrencia de las contingencias que afectan el conducta de cada miembro de un grupo, (c) la especialización de las funciones ejecutadas por cada participante en el sistema. Sugerimos que cuanto más complejo es un sistema social, más mediación social es necesario para seleccionar las CCEs y más diferenciadas son las consecuencias culturales del producto agregado.
ABSTRACT
Skinner ao definir comportamento verbal em 1957 exclui o comportamento do ouvinte desta categoria. No entanto, alguns autores como Horne e Lowe e Stemmer sugerem que o comportamento de ouvinte pode ser condição necessária para aquisição do comportamento verbal. Stemmer propõe que o comportamento de ouvinte se dá através de aprendizagem ostensiva, aprendizagem que ocorre por pareamento de estímulos, semelhante à pavloviana, e que uma vez adquirido pode ser transferido para o de falante e reforçado diferencialmente. O presente trabalho irá sugerir semelhanças entre as propostas de Stemmer e o que Pavlov chamou de Segundo Sistema de Sinais, discutindo evidências empíricas sobre transferência de função de estímulos tanto em não-humanos como em humanos na literatura experimental. Apontará a viabilidade das propostas teóricas de Pavlov e Stemmer para ajudar a esclarecer os processos comportamentais subjacentes à área de equivalência de estímulos.
Skinner defining verbal behavior in 1957 excludes the behavior of listener from this category, however, some authors such as Horne and Lowe and also Stemmer suggest that the behavior of listener can be a prerequisite for the acquisition of verbal behavior. Stemmer suggests that the behavior of listener is given by ostensive learning, a pavlovian learning that occurs by pairing of stimuli, and once acquired can be transferred to the behavior of speaker and differentially reinforced. This paper will suggest some similarities between the Stemmer's approach to what Pavlov called Second Signal System, discussing empirical evidence on the function transference of stimuli in nonhumans and humans in the experimental literature. It will point out to the viability of the Pavlov and Stemmer's theoretical approach to clarify the behavioral processes underlying the stimulus equivalence studies.