Evaluación de tres especies de Brachiaria spp con pastoreo rotacional para ceba bovina / Evaluation of three species of Brachiaria spp with rotational grazing methods for bovine fattening / Avaliação de três espécies de Brachiaria spp com de pastejo rotativo para engorda bovina

Resume El Objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desempeño de bovinos de carne con pastoreo rotacional en las gramíneas Brachiaria humidicola, B. brizantha cv. marandú y B. decumbens. El ensayo fue realizado en la finca Agua Claras, en el piedemonte del municipio de Tame - Arauca, a 430 msnm, con temperatura media de 28 °C, precipitación anual de 2.890 mm/año y distribución mono modal, brillo solar de 1.800 horas luz/año y humedad relativa de 83%. Fueron utilizados 75 bovinos de 22±2 meses de edad y 300±40 kg de peso, distribuidos en un diseño experimental totalmente al azar con tres tratamientos (métodos de pastoreo) y 25 repeticiones por tratamiento para un total de 75 unidades experimentales, los métodos de pastoreo experimentales fueron 1. método de pastoreo en B. humidicola alojados en 44 potreros de 0,5 ha. 2. método de pastoreo en B. brizantha cv. marandú, alojados en 15 potreros de 1,4 ha., y 3. El método de pastoreo en B. decumbens alojados en potreros de 1, 2 y 2,5 ha, los potreros contaban con acceso a agua a voluntad y suministro de sal mineralizada, los animales fueron pesados en ayuno al inicio y final del ensayo, las variables estudiadas incluían la disponibilidad de forraje, cantidad de materia seca, de proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente ácida, actividad ureásica, concentración de los minerales calcio, fosforo y magnesio, la fase experimental tuvo una duración de 80 días previo acostumbramiento de 60 días. En los resultados no hubo diferencia significativa en la ganancia diaria de peso. Los métodos de pastoreo influenciaron (p<0,05) el contenido de proteína cruda, fibra en detergente neutra y fibra en detergente acida, calcio, fósforo, magnesio y la actividad ureásica. En conclusión, el pastoreo rotacional en brachiaria spp no afecta el desempeño de bovinos en ceba.

Abstract This work was aimed at evaluating beef cattle performance regarding rotational grazing on Brachiaria humidicola, B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. decumbens tropical forage grasses. The experiment was carried out on the Água Claras Farm in the piedmont municipality of Tame in Colombia's Arauca department; the area is 430 masl, has 8°C average temperature, 2,890 mm/year annual rainfall, 1,800 light hours/year monomodal distribution and 83% relative humidity. Seventy-five 22±2 month-old beef cattle, weighing 300±40 kg were used in this study; a completely randomised design was used involving three treatments (grazing methods) and 25 repetitions per treatment (i.e. giving 75 experimental units.) The experimental grazing methods involved cattle grazing on in forty-four 0.5 ha pastures, cattle grazing on d cv. Marandu on fiftee1.4 ha pastures and cattle grazing on B. decumbens in 1, 2 and 2.5 ha pastures. The pastures enabled cattle to have access to water at will and a mineralised salt supply was provided; the cattle were weighed while fasting at the beginning and the end of the trial. Forage availability, the amount of forage dry matter (FDM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF), urease activity (UA) and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration/intake were the variables studied. The cattle had a 60-day adaptation period, followed by the 80-day experimental phase. The results revealedeefregarding daily weight gain. The grazing methods did influence (p<0.05) CP, NDF, ADF, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content, as well as UA. Grazing on Brachiaria spp. thus does not affect fattening cattle's performance.

Resumo de corte em pastejo rotacionado em gramíneas Brachiaria humidicola, B. brizantha cv. marandú e B. decumbens. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Água Claras, no piedemonte do município de Tame - Arauca, a 430 metros de altitude, temperatura média de 28 ° C, precipitação anual de 2.890 mm / ano e distribuição monomodal , 1.800 horas-luz / ano e umidade relativa de 83%. Foram utilizados 75 bovinos de 22 ± 2 meses de idade e 300 ± 40 kg de peso, distribuídos em delineamento experimental totalmente casualizado com três tratamentos (métodos de pastejo) e 25 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 unidades experimentais. 1. método de pastejo em B. humidicola alojada em 44 piquetes de 0,5 ha. 2. método de pastejo em B. brizantha cv. marandú, alojado em 15 piquetes de 1,4 ha., e 3. O método de pastejo em B. decumbens alojado em piquetes de 1, 2 e 2,5 ha, os piquetes tinham acesso à água à vontade e fornecimento de sal mineralizado, os animais eram pesadas em jejum no início e no final do ensaio, as variáveis estudadas incluíram a disponibilidade de forragem, quantidade de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, atividade da urease, concentração de minerais de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, a fase experimental durou 80 dias após a adapatação de 60 dias. Nos resultados não houve diferença significativa no ganho de peso diário. Os métodos de pastejo influenciaram (p<0,05) o teor de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e atividade da urease. Em conclusão, o pastejo rotacionado em Brachiaria spp não afeta o desempenho de bovinos em engorda.

Producción de proteína unicelular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae con granza de arroz e inclusión en cerdos / Production of single cell protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with broken rice and inclusion in pigs / Produção de proteína unicelular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com quirera de arroz e inclusão em suínos

Resumen El contenido proteico de harinas de cereales se incrementa con proteínas microbianas mediante procesos de fermentación utilizando levaduras. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la inclusión de granza de arroz sometida a fermentación liquida con Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentación anaeróbica como fuente de proteína unicelular (PUC) para cerdos en crecimiento. Se realizó prueba piloto en laboratorio para producción de PUC de S. cerevisiae con granza de arroz para estandarizar y encontrar las mejores condiciones en el proceso, para su posterior producción en fermentador de 600 l. Se evalúo la granza obtenida por fermentación con S. cerevisiae por un tiempo de 30 días, en 24 cerdos de 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuidos en un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro tratamientos, tres bloques y seis animales por tratamiento. El ensayo consistió en cuatro niveles de inclusión: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% y T4: 25%, de granza de arroz post-fermentada con S. cerevisiae. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso final (kg), ganancia de peso (g/día), consumo final (kg), conversión alimenticia. El alimento pasó de 8.23% a 13.97% de PC. Se presentaron diferencias (p<0.05) en ganancia diaria de peso T1: 625.81 y T2: 618.77 respecto T3: 526.38 y T4: 542.77 g/día, y en la conversión alimenticia entre T1: 2.20 y T2: 2.16 respecto a los tratamientos T3: 2.54 y T4: 2.45. No hubo diferencias (p>0.05) para el peso final ni el consumo final. El costo de las dietas fue menor para T2, T3 y T4. En conclusión, con la fermentación anaerobia de la granza se mejoró el nivel proteico del alimento por crecimiento de la levadura S. cerevisiae y puede ser incluido en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento, presentándose buena palatabilidad y hasta un nivel de inclusión del 10% obtener buen rendimiento, con una dieta de menor costo.

Abstract Cereal flour protein content can be increased by microbial protein action through yeast-driven fermentation. This research was aimed at evaluating the anaerobic fermentation of liquid rice bran with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a single cell protein (SCP) source for raising pigs. A pilot test for S. cerevisiae SCP production was carried out in the laboratory using rice bran to standardise and find the best process conditions regarding SCP production in a 600 L fermenter tank. The rice bran obtained by fermentation with S. cerevisiae was evaluated for 30 days using twenty-four 21.72±3.31 kg pigs; a randomised complete block design (RCBD) was used, involving four treatments, three blocks and six animals per treatment. The trial had four rice bran post-fermented with S. cerevisiae inclusion levels: T1 0% bran inclusion, T2 10%, T3 20% and T4 25%. Final weight (kg), average daily gain (g/day), final consumption (kg) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were the variables evaluated here. SCP inclusion in food rose from 8.23% to 13.97%. There were significant statistical differences (p<0.05) regarding average daily gain for T1 (625.81 g/day) and T2 (618.77) compared to T3 (526.38) and T4 (542.77) and FCR for T1 (2.20) and T2 (2.16) compared to T3 (2.54) and T4 (2.45). There were no differences (p>0.05) regarding final weight or final consumption. Diet costs were lower for T2, T3 and T4. The anaerobic fermentation of rice bran improved feed protein content through S. cerevisiae growth and can be included in diets for raising pigs; it has good palatability and up to 10% SCP inclusion level, obtaining good yield and a lower cost diet.

Resumo O conteúdo protéico das farinhas de cereais é aumentado com proteínas microbianas através de processos de fermentação utilizando leveduras. O objectivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a inclusão de quirera de arroz submetido a fermentação líquida com Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentação anaeróbia como fonte de proteína unicelular (PUC) para porcos em crescimento. Teste-piloto foi realizado no laboratório para a produção PUC de S. cerevisiae com quirera de arroz, a fim de padronizar e encontrar as melhores condições do processo para a produção subsequente fermentador de 600 l. Foram avaliadas a quirera de arroz obtido por fermentação com S. cerevisiae foi avaliado por um período de 30 dias, em 24 porcos 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuídos em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, três blocos e seis animais por tratamento. O julgamento consistiu em quatro níveis de inclusão: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% e T4: 25%, de quirera de arroz pós-fermentado com S. cerevisiae. As variáveis ​​estudadas foram o ganho diário de peso (g/dia), peso final (kg), consumo final (kg) e conversão de feed. A comida passou de 8.23% para 13.97% de PC. Houve diferenças (p<0,05) no ganho de peso diário T1: 625.81 e T2: 618.77 em relação a T3: 526.38 e T4: 542.77 g/dia, e na conversão alimentar entre T1: 2.20 e T2: 2.16 com relação aos tratamentos T3: 2.54 e T4: 2.45. Não houve diferenças (p>0.05) para o peso final ou consumo final. O custo das dietas foi menor para T2, T3 e T4. Em conclusão, com a fermentação anaeróbia do quirera de arroz, o nível protéico da ração foi melhorado pelo crescimento da levedura S. cerevisiae e pode ser incluído em rações para suínos em crescimento, apresentando boa palatabilidade e até um nível de inclusão de 10% obtendo boa desempenho, com uma dieta de menor custo.

18FTHK5351 PET Imaging in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background@#and PurposeMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition with diverse clinical outcomes and subgroups. Here we investigated the topographic distribution of tau in vivo using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]THK5351 in MCI subgroups. @*Methods@#This study included 96 participants comprising 38 with amnestic MCI (aMCI), 21 with nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), and 37 with normal cognition (NC) who underwent 3.0-T MRI, [18F]THK5351 PET, and detailed neuropsychological tests. [18F]flutemetamol PET was also performed in 62 participants. The aMCI patients were further divided into three groups: 1) verbal-aMCI, only verbal memory impairment; 2) visual-aMCI, only visual memory impairment; and 3) both-aMCI, both visual and verbal memory impairment. Voxel-wise statistical analysis and region-of-interest -based analyses were performed to evaluate the retention of [18F]THK5351 in the MCI subgroups. Subgroup analysis of amyloid-positive and -negative MCI patients was also performed. Correlations between [18F]THK5351 retention and different neuropsychological tests were evaluated using statistical parametric mapping analyses. @*Results@#[18F]THK5351 retention in the lateral temporal, mesial temporal, parietal, frontal, posterior cingulate cortices and precuneus was significantly greater in aMCI patients than in NC subjects, whereas it did not differ significantly between naMCI and NC participants. [18F] THK5351 retention was greater in the both-aMCI group than in the verbal-aMCI and visualaMCI groups, and greater in amyloid-positive than amyloid-negative MCI patients. The cognitive function scores were significantly correlated with cortical [18F]THK5351 retention. @*Conclusions@#[18F]THK5351 PET might be useful for identifying distinct topographic patterns of [18F]THK5351 retention in subgroups of MCI patients who are at greater risk of the progression to Alzheimer's dementia.

Uso de harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia en la alimentación de pollos de engorde / Use of Tithonia diversifolia foliage meal in broiler feed / Uso de farelo de folhagem de Tithonia diversifolia na ração de frangos de corte

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia como sustitución de fuente tradicional de proteína en dietas para pollos de engorde. Se emplearon 240 pollitos de engorde mixtos de la línea Cobb distribuidos en diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 4, dos edades de corte 45 y 60 días, con cuatro niveles de inclusión de harina de botón de oro 0, 5, 10 y 15%, tres repeticiones y 10 aves por unidad experimental. No hubo efecto de los niveles de Tithonia sobre el consumo de alimento (P>0,05), los niveles de Tithonia influenciaron (p<0,05) la ganancia de peso y la conversión alimentcia. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el uso de harina de follaje de Tithonia se puede constituir como una alternativa en la alimentación del pollo de engorde en inclusiones ≤ 10% en la dieta para los dos estados de desarrollo y permite reemplazar parcialmente una materia prima costosa en etapa de finalización.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flour from foliage of Tithonia diversifolia as substitution of traditional source of protein in diets for broilers. We used 240 mixed fattening chicks of the Cobb distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two cutting ages of 45 and 60 days, with four inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% gold button flour, three repetitions and 10 birds per unit experimental. There was no effect of Tithonia levels on feed intake (P> 0,05), Tithonia levels influenced (p <0,05) weight gain and feed conversion. The results obtained in final weight show that the use of gold button foliage flour can be constituted as an alternative in the feeding of the broiler in inclusions ≤ 10% in the diet for the two stages of development and allows partially replacing a expensive raw material in the final stage.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do farelo de folhagem Tithoni diversifolia em substituicao da fonte tradicional de proteína na dieta para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte da linha Cobb distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, duas idades de corte 45 e 60 dias, com quatro níveis de inclusão de 0, 5, 10 e 15% de farelo de tithonia, três repetições e 10 aves por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito dos níveis de Tithonia sobre o consumo de alimento (P>0,05), os níveis de Tithonia influenciaram (P<0,05) o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o uso de farelo de folhagem de Tithonia Os resultados obtidos no peso final evidenciam que o uso de farinha folhagem pode-se constituir como uma alternativa na alimentação de frango em inclusões ≤ 10% na dieta para as duas fases de desenvolvimento e permite substituir parcialmente matéria-prima cara na fase final.

Niveles de calcio para codornices en postura / Calcium levels in layers quail / Níveis de cálcio para codornas em postura

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de los niveles de calcio en la dieta sobre los parámetros productivos de codornices, fue realizado este trabajo en la Unidad de codornices de la Universidad de los Llanos, con 240 codornices de 75 días de edad y 151,9 ± 8,5 g de peso, durante 26 semanas, distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos, seis repeticiones y 10 aves por repetición, para un total de 24 unidades experimentales. Las aves fueron alojadas en jaulas de alambre, en módulos de cinco pisos con tres divisiones por piso, dotadas de comederos lineales y bebederos automáticos. Los tratamientos fueron elaborados con inclusiones de carbonato de calcio (4,9; 5,28; 5,67 y 6,06) para constituir dietas con niveles de 2,30; 2,45; 2,60 y 2,75% de calcio. Los niveles de calcio influyeron (p<0,05) la producción de huevos (80,19; 81,76; 71,67 y 79,15%), el consumo diario de ración (24,26; 24,76; 24,50 y 24,53 g/ave/ día), la conversión alimenticia por docenas de huevo (0,333; 0,340; 0,389 y 0,347) y la conversión por masa de huevo (2,77, 2,84, 3,24 y 2,89). Sobre el peso del huevo (10,91; 10,69; 10,55 y 10,74 g) no hubo efectos (P>0,05). En conclusión, el nivel de calcio que permite obtener mejores parámetros productivos se estima en 2,48%.

Abstract In order to evaluate the effect of calcium levels in the diet on performance of quails it was performed this work in quail Unit of the University of the Llanos, with 240 quails 75 days old and 151.9 ± 8.5 g weight for 26 weeks, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments, six replications and 10 birds per repetition, for a total of 24 experimental units. The birds were housed in wire cages, five-storey modules with three divisions per floor, equipped with linear feeders and automatic drinkers. Treatments were made by inclusions of limestone (4.9; 5.28; 5.67 and 6.06) for diets 2.30; 2.45; 2.60 and 2.75% calcium. Calcium levels influenced egg production (80.19, 81.76, 71.67 and 79.15%), daily feed intake (24.26; 24.76; 24.50 and 24.53 g / bird / day), feed conversion per dozen eggs (0.333, 0.340, 0.389 and 0.347) and mass conversion Egg (2.77, 2.84, 3.24 and 2.89) on egg weight (10.91; 10.69; 10.55 and 10.74 g) there was no effect (P> 0 05). In conclusion, the level of calcium that leads to better production parameters is 2.48%.

Resumo Para avaliar o efeito dos níveis de cálcio na dieta sobre os parâmetros produtivos de codornas, este trabalho foi realizado na Unidade de Codornas da Universidade dos Llanos, com 240 codornas de 75 dias de idade e 151,9 ± 8,5 g de peso, durante 26 semanas, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições e 10 aves por repetição, para um total de 24 unidades experimentais. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas de arame, em módulos de cinco andares com três divisões por andar, equipadas com comedouros lineares e bebedouros automáticos. Os tratamentos foram elaborados com inclusões de carbonato de cálcio (4.9, 5.28, 5.67 e 6.06) para formar dietas com níveis de 2,30; 2,45; 2,60 e 2,75% de cálcio. Os níveis de cálcio influenciaram (p <0,05) a produção de ovos (80,19, 81,76, 71,67 e 79,15%), consumo diário de ração (24,26, 24,76, 24,50 e 24,53 g / ave / dia), a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos (0,333, 0,340, 0,389 e 0,347) e a conversão por massa de ovo (2,77, 2,84, 3,24 e 2,89). No peso do ovo (10,91, 10,69, 10,55 e 10,74 g), não houve efeitos (P> 0,05). Em conclusão, o nível de cálcio que permite obter melhores parâmetros produtivos é estimado em 2,48%.

The effect of the Elderly Development Program on the quality of life of elderly individuals / The Health Sciences Journal

Introduction @#The increasing aging population of the Philippines impacts on the socioeconomic development of the country, prompting a deeper look into their quality of life. This study sought to determine the effect of the Elderly Development Program on the quality of life of the elderly population of Los Baños.@*Methods @#A 4-month prospective cohort study of the elderly population in Los Baños, Laguna compared the quality of life scores of a group enrolled in the Elderly Development Program and an unexposed control, using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Abbreviated Version for Filipino Older Persons questionnaire.@*Results @#Quality of life scores where higher for the EDP group during the four months of observation. In Month 2, significant differences were found in all domains except for the psychological domain. Only the physical health domain score was significant in the EDP group for Month 3 (p = 0.003) and Month 4 (p = 0.029). Both the EDP and control groups had higher overall and domain scores in Month 4 compared with baseline.@*Conclusion @#The Elderly Development Program may improve the overall quality of life of elderly persons, specifically in the physical health domain. These improvements are likely due to the focus of the program on the physical aspect of the elderly.

Composición de ácidos grasos del aceite de las semillas de Moringa oleífera que crece en La Habana, Cuba / Fatty acid composition of seed oil from Moringa oleifera grown in Havana, Cuba

INTRODUCCIÓN: la especie Moringa oleifera Lam. conocida como Moringa, se ha introducido en Cuba principalmente con propósitos alimenticios. Sin embargo, no se han informado estudios de la composición de ácidos grasos del aceite obtenido de las semillas de esta especie en la región habanera. OBJETIVO: determinar la composición de ácidos grasos en el aceite de las semillas de las plantas de M. oleifera que crecen en La Habana, Cuba. MÉTODOS: las semillas se recolectaron, molieron y se extrajeron con hexano en un baño ultrasónico. Los extractos fueron filtrados y el disolvente fue evaporado. Los ácidos grasos obtenidos de los aceites fueron determinados como ésteres metílicos por cromatografía de gases con una columna capilar BPX-70. RESULTADOS: los principales ácidos grasos encontrados fueron el oleico (C18:1; 73,1 %), palmítico (C16:0; 7,4 %) y docosanoico (C22:0; 5,8 %), mientras que otros 19 ácidos grasos, entre estos los ácidos C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C17:0,C18:1 (n-10), C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C21:0, C22:1, C23:0, C24:0, C25:0, C26:0 C27:0 y C28:0, se encontraron en menores proporciones. Este es el primer reporte de la presencia de los ácidos C15:0, C27:0 y C28:0 en esta especie, y el primero que identifica los ácidos C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:3, C20:0, C23:0, C25:0 y C26:0 en la especie M. oleífera que crece en Cuba. CONCLUSIONES: la composición de ácidos grasos del aceite presente en las semillas de la especie M. oleífera que crece en La Habana muestra al ácido oleico como componente mayoritario. Se informa por primera vez la presencia de los ácidos C15:0, C27:0 y C28:0 en las semillas de esta especie, y de los ácidos C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:3, C20:0, C23:0, C25:0 y C26:0 en la especie en Cuba. Estos resultados sobre la composición química del aceite de las semillas de la especie M. oleífera, pudieran contribuir a establecer su posible utilidad nutricional.

INTRODUCTION: the species Moringa oleifera Lam., known as Moringa, has been introduced in Cuba mainly for nutritional purposes. However, no study has been reported about the fatty acid composition of the seed oil obtained from this species in Havana. OBJECTIVE: determine the fatty acid composition of seed oil from M. oleifera plants growing in Havana, Cuba. METHODS: the seeds were collected, milled and extracted with hexane in an ultrasonic bath. Extracts were filtered and the solvent evaporated. Fatty acids obtained from the oils were determined as methyl esters by gas chromatography with a BPX-70 capillary column. RESULTS: the main fatty acids found were oleic (C18:1; 73.1%), palmitic (C16:0; 7.4%) and docosanoic (C22:0; 5.8%). Another 19 fatty acids, among them C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, C18:1 (n-10), C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C21:0, C22:1, C23:0, C24:0, C25:0, C26:0 C27:0 and C28:0 were found in smaller proportions. This is the first report of the presence of acids C15:0, C27:0 and C28:0 in this species, and the first one to identify C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:3, C20:0, C23:0, C25:0 and C26:0 acids in the species M. Oleifera growing in Cuba. CONCLUSIONS: oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid component in seed oil from M. oleifera growing in Havana. This is the first report of the presence of acids C15:0, C27:0 and C28:0 in the seeds of this species, and of acids C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:3, C20:0, C23:0, C25:0 and C26:0 in the species in Cuba. These results about the chemical composition of seed oil from the species M. oleifera could contribute to elucidate its potential nutritional usefulness.

Caracterización espectroscópica del D-003 obtenido de la cera de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L. ) / Spectroscopic characterization of D-003 obtained from the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) wax

Introducción: el D-003 es un ingrediente farmacéutico activo purificado a partir de la cera de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) con efectos como reductor del colesterol y antioxidante, el cual está compuesto por una mezcla de ácidos grasos libres saturados de elevado peso molecular, cada uno dentro de un intervalo de concentración específica determinada por cromatografía de gases (CG). La caracterización espectroscópica del D-003, sin embargo, no ha sido previamente informada. Objetivo: caracterizar el ingrediente farmacéutico activo nombrado D-003 de acuerdo con sus espectros ultravioleta (UV), infrarrojo (FTIR), resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y de masas (EM). Métodos: se evaluaron muestras de seis lotes de D-003 (CNIC, Cuba) mediante las técnicas de UV, FTIR, RMN-¹H, RMN-13C y CG-EM. Para obtener los espectros de masas de los ácidos del D-003, estos se derivaron como ésteres metílicos y trimetilsilil. La cuantificación de los ácidos grasos libres saturados de elevado peso molecular, analizados como ésteres metílicos, se llevó a cabo por CG con detector de ionización por llama (DILL). Resultados: los espectros UV, IR, RMN-¹H y RMN-13C mostraron que el ingrediente farmacéutico activo D00-3 está constituido por una mezcla de ácidos grasos libres saturados de elevado peso molecular, mientras las técnicas de CG-EM y CG-DILL permitieron asegurar la presencia de 13 ácidos grasos libres saturados de elevado peso molecular en proporciones definidas: C24:0 (0,2-0,6 por ciento), C25:0 (0,4-0,9 por ciento), C26:0 (2,0-3,1 por ciento), C27:0 (2,1-2,7 por ciento), C28:0 (30,0-37,5 por ciento), C29:0 (1,5-1,7 por ciento), C30:0 (17,0-18,6 por ciento), C31:0 (0,9-1,2 por ciento), C32:0 (6,9-8,9 por ciento), C33:0 (0,9-1,3 por ciento), C34:0 (7,2-11,1 por ciento), C35:0 (0,3-0,6 por ciento) y C36:0 (2,2-3,8 por ciento)(AU)

Introduction: D-003, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) wax with cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant effects, is composed of a mixture of free saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), each within specific relative concentration ranges as determined by the gas chromatography (GC). However, the spectroscopic characterization of D-003 had not been previously reported. Objective: to characterize the active pharmaceutical ingredient named D003 in accordance to its ultraviolet (UV), infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass (MS) spectra. Methods: samples of six batches of D-003 (CNIC, Cuba) were evaluated by UV, FTIR, NMR-¹H, NMR-13C, and GC-MS techniques. For obtaining the mass spectra of D-003 acids, methyl (FAME) and trimethylsilyl ester derivatives were used. Quantification of free very long chain saturated fatty acids , analyzed as methyl ester derivatives, was made by GC with flame ionisation detector (FID). Results: UV, FTIR, and ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra showed that active pharmaceutical ingredient D-003 was composed of a mixture of free very long chain fatty acids, whereas the GC-MS and GC-FID techniques allowed ensuring the occurrence of 13 VLCFAs in set proportions: C24:0 (0.2-0.6 percent), C25:0 (0.4-0.9 percent), C26:0 (2.0-3.1 percent), C27:0 (2.1-2.7 percent), C28:0 (30.0-37.5 percent), C29:0 (1.5-1.7 percent), C30:0 (17.0-18.6 percent), C31:0 (0.9-1.2 percent), C32:0 (6.9-8.9 percent), C33:0 (0.9-1.3 percent), C34:0 (7.2-11.1 percent), C35:0 (0.3-0.6 percent) and C36:0 (2.2-3.8 percent). Conclusions: evidences from the UV, FTIR, NMR and GC-MS spectroscopic techniques prove that D-003 is composed of 13 saturated very long chain fatty acids, including octacosanoic acid as the most abundant one(AU)

Características preliminares del aceite de semillas de Salvia hispanica L. cultivadas en Cuba / Preliminary characteristics of the oil from Salvia hispanica L. seeds grown in Cuba

Introducción: en años recientes, la chía (Salvia hispanica L. ) ha cobrado gran interés por el alto contenido del ácido graso alfa-linolénico en el aceite de sus semillas. Aunque esta especie no es nativa de Cuba se ha estado cultivando recientemente en la Estación Experimental Juan Tomás Roig. Objetivo: determinar las características organolépticas y la composición de ácidos grasos en lotes de aceite obtenidos a partir de semillas de chía cultivadas en Cuba, y su comparación con un aceite obtenido a partir de semillas de Ecuador. Métodos: los aceites obtenidos por extracción con hexano se analizaron organolépticamente y se determinó su composición de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases. Resultados: las características organolépticas (líquido aceitoso amarillo claro con olor característico), así como la composición y el contenido de ácidos grasos coincidieron con lo descrito en la literatura para esta especie, con altos contenidos de C18:2 y C18:3 (21 y 58 por ciento, respectivamente). Conclusiones: el aceite obtenido de semillas de chía cultivadas en Cuba fue similar a los obtenidos en otras partes del mundo, entre ellos el aceite de semillas procedentes de Ecuador, por lo que pudieran ampliarse sus estudios con vistas a valorar su posible empleo como suplemento nutricional

Introduction: in recent years, Chia (Salvia hispanica L. ) has aroused a great interest because of the high content of alpha-linolenic fatty acid in its seed oil. Although this species is not indigenous from Cuba, it has been recently grown at the Juan Tomás Roig experimental station. Objectives: to determine the organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition in oil batches obtained from Chia seeds grown in Cuba, and to compare them with the oil from Ecuador seeds. Methods: the oils, extracted with hexane, were organoleptically analyzed and their fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Results: their organoleptic characteristics (light yellow oily liquid with peculiar odor) as well as the composition and the fatty acid content matched those described in the literature for this species, being high the contents of C18: 2 and C18: 3 (21 and 58 percent respectively). Conclusions: the oil from chia seeds grown in Cuba was similar to those obtained in other parts of the world, including seed oil from Ecuador; therefore, further studies can be conducted with a view to assessing their possible use as nutritional supplement

Tamizaje fitoquímico de Scutellaria havanensis Jacq / Phytochemical screening of Scutellaria havanensis JacQ

Introducción: la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq., conocida como escudo de La Habana, es una planta endémica de Cuba, empleada para el tratamiento de la escabiosis, como diaforético y febrífugo. Sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios fitoquímicos de esta planta. Objetivo: realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos etéreo, metanólico y acuoso de las partes aéreas (hojas y tallos) de la especie Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. Métodos: se recolectaron las partes aéreas frescas y se extrajeron con éter dietílico, metanol y agua. Los extractos se filtraron y se les realizaron las pruebas fitoquímicas de identificación. Resultados: en el extracto etéreo se identificaron alcaloides, coumarinas, triterpenos y esteroides; en los extractos acuoso y metanólico se encontraron alcaloides, grupos aminos, azúcares, flavonoides, quinonas y resinas; mientras que en el extracto acuoso se detectaron saponinas y principios amargos. Conclusiones: Scutellaria havanensis, planta endémica cubana, contiene varios grupos de compuestos como flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros, que pudieran tener interés farmacológico potencial. Estos resultados constituyen un apoyo para continuar los estudios fítoquímicos y farmacológicos de los diversos extractos

Introduction: Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species, known as Escudo de La Habana (Havana skullcap), is an endemic Cuban plant, etnomedically used for the treatment of scabies and as a diaphoretic and a febrifuge. However, no phytochemical study of this plant has been made so far. Objective: to conduct a phytochemical study of the ethereal, methanol and aqueous extracts from aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. species. Methods: fresh aerial parts were harvested and extracts were obtained with diethyl ether, methanol and water. The extracts were filtered and subjected to the phytochemical identification tests. Results: alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenes and steroids were identified in the ethereal extracts, whereas alkaloids, amino groups, sugars, flavonoids, quinones and resins were found in the methanol and aqueous extracts, and saponins and bitter principles in the aqueous extract. Conclusions: Scutellaria havanensis, an endemic Cuban plant, contains several groups of compounds of potential pharmacological interest like flavonoids and alkaloids, among others. These results encourage continuing the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of several extracts

Colesteatoma congênito gigante: relato de caso / Giant congenital cholesteatoma: a case report

Introdução: O colesteatoma congênito é uma doença rara, de etiologia controversa. Provavelmente de natureza embriológica originado por remanescentes epidérmicos. Objetivo: Descrever um caso de colesteatoma congênito atendida em um hospital público no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Relato de caso: Paciente de 8 anos de idade, sexo masculino, com queixa de hipoacusia e abaulamento retroauricular com fi stula drenando secreção purulenta à esquerda, sem outros sintomas. As etapas do atendimento foram descritas desde a consulta inicial, até os resultados de exames e cirurgia. Considerações Finais: O colesteatoma deve ser lembrado no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças da orelha média, mastoidite e abscessos retroauriculares, uma vez que o diagnóstico precoce favorece o prognóstico...

Introduction: The congenital cholesteatoma is a rare disease, of controversial etiology. Probably of etiological nature originated from epidermal residues. Objective: To describe a case of congenital cholesteatoma attended at a public hospital in the Middle West of Brazil. Case report: 8 years old patient, masculine sex,with complaint of hypoacusis and retroauricular bulging with fi stula, that drains pus secretion at left. The stages of the attendance had been described since the initial consultation, results of examinations and surgery. Final Comments: congenital cholesteatoma must be remembered in the distinguishing diagnosis of middle ear disease and mastoid, once the injury may reach great proportions and it may favour the appearance of serious complications...

Introducción: El colesteatoma congénito es una enfermedad rara de etiología controvertida. Probablemente de naturaleza embrionaria originado por restante epidérmico. Objetivo: Describir un caso de colesteatoma congénito tratado en un hospital público en el Medio Oeste de Brasil. Caso clínico: Paciente varón de 8 años de edad, se queja de hipoacusia y el abultamiento retroauricular, con fístula de drenaje de pus a la izquierda, sin otros síntomas. Las medidas de atención se han descrito desde la consulta inicial, hasta los resultados de exámenes y la cirugía. Conclusión: Se debe considerar el colesteatoma en el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfemedades del oído medio, mastoiditis y abscesos retroauriculares, ya que el diagnóstico temprano favorece el pronóstico...

Fracciones lipídicas obtenidas a partir de frutos de Serenoa repens recolectados en Cuba / Lipid fractions obtained from fruits of Serenoa repens harvested in Cuba

Introducción: los extractos lipídicos de los frutos de Serenoa repens, una palma nativa de los EE. UU., se usan para tratar la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Aunque esta especie fue introducida en el Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba hace algunos años, los extractos lipídicos de sus frutos aún no habían sido estudiados. Objetivo: determinar las principales características organolépticas, físicas y químicas de extractos lipídicos obtenidos de frutos de S. repens recolectados en Cuba. Métodos: se recolectaron frutos secos y frutos maduros frescos de S. repens, los últimos se secaron a temperatura ambiente y a 80 ºC. Los 3 grupos de frutos secos se molieron y extrajeron con hexano en Söxhlet. Los extractos lipídicos se secaron y se determinaron sus principales características. Los componentes estudiados se determinaron mediante cromatografía de gases, en algunos casos con detección por espectrometría de masas. Resultados: los extractos presentaron características organolépticas y físicas, así como contenidos de ácidos grasos (componentes mayoritarios) y ésteres etílicos que coincidieron con lo descrito en la literatura, mientras que los contenidos de esteroles y alcoholes grasos resultaron superiores a los publicados antes para esta especie. También se identificaron alcoholes grasos no encontrados previamente en estos extractos: 1-eicosanol, 1-docosanol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-nonacosanol, 1-dotriacontanol y 1-tetratriacontanol. Conclusiones: de manera general, los extractos lipídicos de frutos de S. repens recolectados en Cuba presentaron características similares a las reportadas para los extractos de esta especie, aunque se encontraron algunas diferencias, como son mayores contenidos de esteroles y alcoholes grasos, y la presencia de algunos alcoholes grasos no identificados antes.

Introduction: lipid extracts from the fruits of Serenoa repens, a native palm from the United States of America, are used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia. Although this species was introduced in the National Botanic Garden of Cuba some years ago, the lipid extracts of its fruits had not been studied yet. Objective: to determine the main organoleptic, physical and chemical characteristics of lipid extracts from the fruits of S. repens harvested in Cuba. Methods: dried fruits and fresh ripe fruits of S. repens were harvested. Fresh fruits were dried at room temperature and at 80 ºC. The three groups of dried fruits were grounded and extracted with hexane in Söxhlet equipment. The main characteristics of the dried lipid extracts were determined. The studied components were determined by gas chromatography, in some cases with mass spectrometry detection. Results: organoleptic and physical characteristics as well as the contents of fatty acids (major components) and ethyl esters of the studied extracts agreed with that described in literature, whereas those of sterols and fatty alcohols were higher than those previously reported for this species. some fatty alcohols not previously reported in these extracts, that is, 1-eicosanol, 1-docosanol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-nonacosanol, 1-dotriacontanol and 1-tetratriacontanol.were also identified. Conclusions: Generally speaking, the lipid extracts from the fruits of S. repens harvested in Cuba presented characteristics similar to those reported for the extracts of this species, although some differences were also found, such as the content of sterols and fatty alcohols and the presence of some fatty alcohols not previously reported in the literature.

Análisis fitoquímico de la Salvia coccinea que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical study of the Salvia coccinea grown in Cuba

Introducción: la especie Salvia coccinea L, conocida como banderilla, se emplea en Cuba solo como ornamental, aunque en otros países tiene algunos usos etnomédicos sin que se le hayan reportado estudios farmacológicos. A las plantas de esta especie que crecen en Cuba no se le han realizado estudios fitoquímicos. Objetivo: realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de tallos, flores y hojas de la especie Salvia coccinea L. Métodos: se recolectaron los tallos, así como las hojas y flores, se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron a 40 ºC y extrajeron de forma independiente a reflujo con una mezcla EtOH/H2O (60:40) a una relación soluto-disolvente de 1:10 durante 2 h. Los extractos se filtraron y se les hicieron las pruebas fitoquímicas. Resultados: los grupos de compuestos identificados en los 2 extractos fueron saponinas, azúcares, principios amargos, fenoles, taninos, grupos amino, alcaloides y flavonoides. El extracto liofilizado de las hojas y flores presentó 9,02 por ciento de polifenoles totales. Conclusiones: en la S coccinea L que crece en Cuba se encontraron varios grupos de compuestos, entre estos flavonoides y alcaloides, los que pudieran tener interés farmacológico potencial. Estos resultados conminan a continuar el estudio de los extractos de esta planta y a iniciar la evaluación de sus efectos farmacológicos

Introduction: the Salvia coccinea L species, known as banderilla, is used in Cuba as an ornamental plant. Nevertheless, some traditional medical uses have been reported in other countries without reports of pharmacological studies. No phytochemical study has been made with plants of this species growing in Cuba. Objective: to carry out the phytochemical study of hydroalcoholic extracts from stems, leaves and flowers of the Salvia coccinea L species. Methods: stems, leaves and flowers were collected, washed, disinfected, dried at 40 ºC and independently extracted under reflux with a EtOH/H2O (60:40) mixture for 2 h at a solute-solvent ratio of 1:10. Results: compounds identified in both extracts were saponins, sugars, bitter principles, phenols, tannins, amino groups, alkaloids and flavonoids. The lyophilized extract from leaves and flowers contained 9.02 percent of total polyphenols. Conclusions: several groups of compounds were found in the S. coccinea L. that grows in Cuba, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, and they could be of potential pharmacological interest. These results encouraged to continue the study of extracts from this plant and to begin evaluating their pharmacological effects

Tamizaje fitoquímico del Malvaviscus penduliflorus que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical screening of Malvaviscus penduliflorus growing in Cuba

Las flores de la especie Malvaviscus penduliflorus Cav, conocida popularmente en Cuba como pasiflora, se emplean como sedante en forma de decocción. Hasta el momento, sin embargo, no ha sido publicado ningún estudio sobre su composición química. OBJETIVO: realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos acuosos de las flores y hojas de la especie M penduliflorus. MÉTODOS: se recolectaron las hojas y las flores frescas, se lavaron, desinfectaron y extrajeron a reflujo con agua (1:10) durante 2 h, de forma independiente. Los extractos se filtraron y se les hicieron las pruebas fitoquímicas de identificación. RESULTADOS: entre los grupos de compuestos identificados en los 2 extractos se encontraron saponinas, azúcares, alcaloides y flavonoides. Teniendo en cuenta la presencia de compuestos como flavonoides y alcaloides en las partes aéreas del M penduliflorus, así como los efectos farmacológicos reportados para extractos de esta especie, sería interesante realizar nuevos estudios que aporten evidencias sobre su eficacia y seguridad, como forma de avalar sus usos tradicionales

The Malvaviscus penduliflorus Cav species flowers popularly known in Cuba as pasiflora are used as sedative in the brew form. Until now, however, there isn't any study on its chemical composition. OBJECTIVE: to perform a phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts from the flowers and leaves of M. penduliflorus species. METHODS: the dry fresh leaves and flowers were washed, disinfected to extract with water reflow (1:10) during 2 h in an independent way. Extracts were filtered and underwent the phytochemical identification tests. RESULTS: among the compounds identified in the two groups were included the saponines, sugars, alkaloids and flavonoids. Taking into account the presence of compounds like the flavonoids and the alkaloids in aerial parts of M penduliflorus, as well as the pharmacological effects reported for the extracts of this species, it will be interesting to perform new studies providing evidences on its effectiveness and safety, as a way to assess its traditional uses

Contenidos de aceite y de los ácidos láurico y mirístico en frutos maduros de Roystonea regia colectados durante dos años / Oily contents and the lauric and myristic acids in mature fruits of Roystonea regia harvested for two year

INTRODUCCIÓN: el D004, un ingrediente activo promisorio en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática benigna, se obtiene a partir del aceite del fruto de Roystonea regia (Kunth) OF Cook. Está compuesto por una mezcla de ácidos grasos libres que incluye los ácidos láurico y mirístico, ambos de gran interés por sus efectos farmacológicos. OBJETIVO: determinar la posible influencia de la época de colecta sobre el contenido de aceite y la concentración de los ácidos láurico y mirístico de los frutos de R regia. MÉTODOS: se colectaron cada mes, durante 2 años, frutos maduros de R regia en una población seleccionada. En las muestras secas y molidas se determinó el contenido de aceite gravimétricamente y el de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases. RESULTADOS: se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en los contenidos de aceite y de los ácidos láurico y mirístico; no obstante, los contenidos determinados en todos los casos se mantuvieron dentro de las especificaciones calidad establecidas para el material vegetal. CONCLUSIONES: el material vegetal colectado durante todo el año puede ser empleado en la obtención del aceite de R. regia, materia prima empleada en la producción de D004

INTRODUCTION: D004, an promissory active ingredient in treatment and prevention of begnin prostatic hyperplasia, is obtained from the fruit oil of Roystonea regia (Kunth) OF Cook. It is composed by a mixture of free fatty acids including lauric and myristic acids, both very important by their pharmacological effects. OBJECTIVE: to determine the potential influence of harvest season on the oily content and the concentration of lauric and myristic acids from R regia fruits. METHODS: each month for two years, it was possible to collect mature fruits from R regia in a selected group. In dry and milled samples it was determined the oily content in a gravimetric way and that of fatty acids by gas chromatography. RESULTS: there were differences statistically significant in oily contents and of lauric and myristic acids; however, the contents determined in all the cases remained within the quality specifications established for the plant material. CONCLUSIONS: the plant material collected for all the year may be used in obtaining of R. regia oil, raw material used in the production of D004

Estudio de estabilidad acelerada del ingrediente activo D-004 en diferentes envases / Accelerated stability study of D-004 active ingredient in different containers

INTRODUCCIÓN: D-004 es un nuevo ingrediente activo en fase de investigación y desarrollo, obtenido de los frutos de Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook. OBJETIVO: precisar la estabilidad de D-004 en condiciones aceleradas en frascos de vidrio ámbar, de tereftalato de polietileno y de polietileno de alta densidad. MÉTODOS: muestras de 3 lotes se almacenaron a (40 ± 2) ºC y (75 ± 5) porciento de humedad relativa durante 12 meses. Se determinaron las características organolépticas, la densidad relativa, el índice de refracción (USP 27) y el contenido de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases. RESULTADOS: los parámetros medidos se mantuvieron dentro de las especificaciones de calidad establecidas, con excepción del contenido de ácidos grasos, que en los frascos de tereftalato y polietileno disminuyó significativamente a los 3, 6 y 4,5 meses, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: el vidrio ámbar protege al D-004 de la degradación más que los envases plásticos estudiados.

INTRODUCTION: D-004 is a new active ingredient under research and development stage, which is obtained from Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook fruits. OBJECTIVE: to precise over the D-004 stability under accelerated conditions in amber glass, polyethylene terephtalate and high density polyethylene containers. METHODS: samples from three batches were stored at (40 ± 2) ºC and (75 ± 5) percent relative humidity for 12 months. Organoleptic characteristics, relative density, refractive index (USP 27) and fatty acids content by gas chromatography, were determined. RESULTS: measured parameters were within the set quality specifications , except for fatty acids content that significantly decreased in polyethylene terephtalate and high density polyethylene containers after 3, 4 and a half and 6 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the amber glass protects more D-004 from degradation than the analyzed plastic containers.

Species richness and distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Chapada Diamantina region, Bahia, Brazil / Riqueza e distribuição de espécies de borrachudos (Diptera: Simuliidae) na região da Chapada Diamantina, BA

Taxonomically, blackflies (Simuliidae) are among the best-known aquatic insects in Brazil. However, information on their distribution is lacking for many regions. We sampled simuliids in 50 streams in the Chapada Diamantina region, State of Bahia, located in three distinct geographical areas, 20 at Lençóis, 18 at Mucugê, and 12 at Rio de Contas. We analyzed simuliid species richness and distribution in the Chapada Diamantina area as a whole, as well as in each of the three distinct geographical areas. We collected 20 species, three of which were not yet described and two were described after our sampling. The three areas are distinct in relation to environmental variables, mainly owing to differences in altitude and water pH. Four species were restricted to Rio de Contas, while four other species were restricted to Mucugê. Sixteen species were present in Mucugê and fifteen in Rio de Contas. Only twelve species were present in Lençóis, despite the higher sampling effort. Rio de Contas appears to be the area that harbors the highest species richness. Species richness was related to environmental factors only when evaluated on a small spatial scale (i.e. when each area was analyzed separately). Although we have not tested for causal relationships, our findings agree with other studies that showed that pH and altitude are important factors with which species richness and species distribution appear to be associated.

A família Simuliidae é taxonomicamente uma das mais conhecidas entre os insetos aquáticos no Brasil. No entanto, faltam informações relativas à sua distribuição em muitas regiões do Brasil. Foram coletadas larvas e pupas de borrachudos em 50 riachos na região da Chapada Diamantina, BA, localizados em três regiões geográficas distintas, 20 em Lençóis, 18 em Mucugê e 12 em Rio de Contas. Foram analisadas a riqueza e distribuição de espécies da área da Chapada Diamantina como um todo, bem como em cada uma das três áreas geográficas distintas. Coletamos 20 espécies, das quais três ainda não foram descritas e duas foram descritas após este estudo. As três áreas são distintas em relação às variáveis ambientais, principalmente devido às diferenças de altitude e pH da água. Quatro espécies foram coletadas apenas em Rio de Contas, enquanto outras quatro apenas em Mucugê. Dezesseis espécies foram encontradas em Mucugê e quinze em Rio de Contas, enquanto em Lençóis encontramos apenas doze espécies, mesmo com o maior esforço de amostragem exercido naquela região. Rio de Contas parece ser a região que abriga a maior riqueza de espécies. A riqueza de espécies foi relacionada a fatores ambientais apenas quando avaliada em pequena escala espacial (ou seja, quando cada área foi analisada separadamente). Apesar de não ter sido realizado um teste causal, os resultados aqui obtidos corroboram outros estudos que mostraram que o pH e altitude são fatores importantes com os quais a riqueza e a distribuição de borrachudos podem estar associadas.

Cost analysis for the management of acute coronary syndrome using different quality of care indicators

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the economic burden for nonfatal uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using 100% compliance to certain a) non-invasive or b) invasive and non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions with class I recommendations in the American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association (ACC-AHA) clinical practice guidelines for ACS in three tertiary hospitals using the societal perspective. It also determined the costs using the patient perspective in the setting of one private tertiary hospital. METHODS: This study was a cost analysis that included a) costs of patient resources, b) production losses, and c) costs of other resources or sectors, from hospitalization to one month post-discharge for ACS. Several models were constructed due to variations in the costs of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the three settings. RESULTS: Using the societal perspective, one model for non-invasive options yielded the following (costs as of January 31, 2009): hospital A, Php87,014 - 124,799; hospital B, Php75,592 - 96,072; hospital C, Php71,969 - 92,148. Excluding fibrinolytic therapy, the lowest total cost would be Php65,000. However, if coronary angiography was added to the models for hospital C, the cost was Php107,154 - 134,574 (coronary angiography was not available in hospitals A and B). Using the patient perspective, the adjusted mean cost for the model which used the least expensive medication was Php96,421 (Standard Deviation = 34,076). CONCLUSION: The economic burden for nonfatal uncomplicated ACS may range from Php65,000 - 134,574.

Síndromes genéticos reconocibles en el período neonatal / Genetic syndromes recognizable in the neonatal period

La presencia de un cuadro neurológico neonatal asociado o no a dismorfias o a un fenotipo particular puede responder a diversas causas a) Prenatales: infecciosas (Grupo TORCH), agentes tóxicos o teratogénicos (alcohol, cocaína, antiepilépticos, inhalantes como el tolueno, etc.), defectos vasculares o anomalías genéticas b) Perinatales: cuadros hipóxico isquémicos, infecciones o trastornos metabólicos, entre otros. En este trabajo analizaremos aquellas entidades de origen genético reconocibles en el período neonatal por su fenotipo, las cuales deben incluirse entre los diagnósticos diferenciales frente a un niño con compromiso neurológico. Con el objeto de facilitar el reconocimiento de estas entidades las dividiremos de acuerdo al fenotipo más destacado u orientador, presente en el momento del nacimiento dividiéndolas en 2 grandes grupos: 1) Génicas, en las que incluimos: Síndromes con facies características y malformaciones en los miembros; Síndromes de sobrecrecimiento; Síndromes con déficit del crecimiento prenatal; Síndromes neuro-ectodérmicos; Síndromes con facies características con compromiso ocular y Síndromes con facies características (incluyendo, en las que lo tienen, su número del MIM) y 2) Cromosómicas (anomalías en los autosomas: de número; en mosaico; deleciones y anomalías en los cromosomas sexuales). El reconocimiento a través del fenotipo de encefalopatías congénitas de origen genético es de gran importancia ya que su identificación permitirá: Orientar estudios diagnósticos específicos; evitar prácticas cruentas y/o costosas, inútiles si el diagnóstico clínico es por sí orientador; proveer el adecuado asesoramiento genético familiar y controlar evolutivamente las posibles complicaciones.

The presence of a neonatal neurological lesion associated or not with dysmorphism or with a particular phenotype can be caused by a) prenatal infections (Group TORCH) toxic or teratotoxic agents (alcohol, cocain, antiepileptics, inhalants such as toluene, etc.), vascular defects or genetic anomalies; b) perinatal isquemic hypoxic lesions, infectious or metabolic disorders, etc. In this paper we analyze all entities of genetic origin neonatally recognizable by their phenotype which must be included in the differential diagnosis of all children neurologically compromised. In order to simplify the diagnosis, these entities will be divided according to the prevalence of the phenotype present at birth, dividing them into two large groups: 1) Genic alterations which include: Syndromes with characteristic facies and member malformations, Supra growth syndrome, Syndrome with neonatal growth deficit, Neuro-ectodermic syndromes, Syndromes with characteristic facies and ocular compromise, Syndromes with characteristic facies including those that bear MIM number, and 2) Chromosomal alterations (autosomal in number, mosaic, deletion, and sex chromosomes). The detection of these anomalies through phenotype studies involving congenital encephalopathies of genetic origin is of major importance because it will permit the orientation of specific diagnostic studies, the prevention of difficult and expensive maneuvers, and furthermore, it will offer adequate family counseling and control eventual complications.