ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: Introducción: En los últimos años se ha evidenciado que los procesos inflamatorios están directamente relacionados con la formación de la placa ateroesclerótica, causante de la cardiopatía isquémica (CI). Por esta razón, toda molécula relacionada con aquellos procesos es de vital importancia. Las interleucinas (IL) son citoquinas proinflamatorias y sus polimorfismos aparentemente incrementan el proceso inflamatorio. Los más asociados con la cardiopatía isquémica son algunos polimorfismos de las interleucinas 1 (IL-1) y 6 (IL-6). Objetivos: Establecer la relación de los polimorfismos G-174C y G-572C de la interleucina-6 y C-511T y C+3953T de la interleucina-1 con la cardiopatía isquémica. Material y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de tipo analítico retrospectivo, de 76 casos y 76 controles, de pacientes atendidos en el servicio de hemodinámica del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín (HCAM), de Quito. La genotipificación se hizo mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con enzimas de restricción (PCR-RFLP). Resultados: De los cuatro polimorfismos estudiados, únicamente el IL-6 174 GG tuvo una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la cardiopatía isquémica. La regresión logística usada para determinar los predictores más importantes de cardiopatía isquémica mostró que el genotipo IL-6 174 GG (OR 4,065, p = < 0,001) se asoció con un incremento del riesgo de presentar cardiopatía isquémica de forma independiente. Conclusiones: El genotipo GG del polimorfismo IL-6 G-174C confiere un riesgo 4 veces superior de desarrollar cardiopatía isquémica, mientras que los tres polimorfismos restantes no confieren riesgos.
ABSTRACT: Background: It has been recently found that inflammatory processes are directly related to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, causing ischemic heart disease. For this reason, every molecule related to these processes is critically important. Interleukins (IL) are proinflammatory cytokines, and their polymorphisms seem to increase the inflammatory progress. IL-1 and IL-6 polymorphisms are the ones most significantly associated with ischemic heart disease. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the relationship of IL-6 G-174C and G-572 C and IL-1 C-511T and C+3953T polymorphisms with ischemic heart disease. Methods: A retrospective study of 76 cases and 76 controls was carried out in patients attending the hemodynamics service of Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (HCAM) of Quito, Ecuador. Genotyping was done on the basis of polymerase chain reaction with restriction enzymes (PCR-RFLP). Results: Among the four polymorphisms studied, only IL-6 -174 GG was significantly associated with ischemic heart disease. The logistic regression analysis used to determine the most important predictors of ischemic heart disease showed that the IL-6 -174 GG genotype was associated with an increased risk of independently presenting ischemic heart disease (OR 4.065, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: The GG genotype of IL-6 G-174C polymorphism confers a fourfold higher risk of developing ischemic heart disease, while the remaining three polymorphisms do not pose risks in this human population.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis present in a human population living in a northern Ecuadorian rain forest. All Giardia positive samples (based on an ELISA assay) were analysed using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay that targets the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene; those amplified were subsequently genotyped using NlaIV and RsaI enzymes. The gdh gene was successfully amplified in 74 of 154 ELISA positive samples; 69 of the 74 samples were subsequently genotyped. Of these 69 samples, 42 (61%) were classified as assemblage B (26 as BIII and 16 as BIV), 22 (32%) as assemblage A (3 as AI and 19 as AII) and five (7%) as mixed AII and BIII types. In this study site we observe similar diversity in genotypes to other regions in Latin America, though in contrast to some previous studies, we found similar levels of diarrheal symptoms in those individuals infected with assemblage B compared with those infected with assemblage A.