ABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment in children worldwide, and the prevalence of refractive error varies widely. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of refractive error and study the possible associated factors inducing refractive error among primary school children of Malay ethnicity in the suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A school-based cross-sectional study was performed from January to July 2006 by random selection on Standard 1 to Standard 6 students of 10 primary schools in the Kota Bharu district. Visual acuity assessment was measured using logMAR ETDRS chart. Positive predictive value of uncorrected visual acuity equal or worse than 20/40, was used as a cut-off point for further evaluation by automated refraction and retinoscopic refraction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 840 students were enumerated but only 705 were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected visual impairment was seen in 54 (7.7%) children. The main cause of the uncorrected visual impairment was refractive error which contributed to 90.7% of the total, and with 7.0% prevalence for the studied population. Myopia is the most common type of refractive error among children aged 6 to 12 years with prevalence of 5.4%, followed by hyperopia at 1.0% and astigmatism at 0.6%. A significant positive correlation was noted between myopia development with increasing age (P <0.005), more hours spent on reading books (P <0.005) and background history of siblings with glasses (P <0.005) and whose parents are of higher educational level (P <0.005). Malays in suburban Kelantan (5.4%) have the lowest prevalence of myopia compared with Malays in the metropolitan cities of Kuala Lumpur (9.2%) and Singapore (22.1%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ethnicity-specific prevalence rate of myopia was the lowest among Malays in Kota Bharu, followed by Kuala Lumpur, and is the highest among Singaporean Malays. Better socio-economic factors could have contributed to higher myopia rates in the cities, since the genetic background of these ethnic Malays are similar.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cross-Sectional Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Malaysia , Epidemiology , Prevalence , Refraction, Ocular , Refractive Errors , Epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Schools , Suburban Population , Vision, Low , Epidemiology , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
AlM:To report an unusual case of neuroretinits with coexistent Bell's Palsy.METHODS:A case report.RESULTS: A 16-year-old boy presented with right eye blurring of vision for one week. It was associated with high fever and facial asymmetry. The visual acuity of the right eye was 6/60 and the left eye was 6/6. Funduscopy of the right eye showed swollen and hyperemic optic disc with presence of macular star. There was also left lower motor neuron nerve palsy. Humphrey visual field perimetry showed small paracentral scotoma with enlargement of blind spot. Complete blood count showed neutrophilia with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Serology for syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease and cat-scratch disease was negative. Herpes simplex virus, Herpes zoster virus, and human immunodeficiency virus investigations were negative. Rickettsia was also negative. MRI of the brain and orbit were normal without demyelinating lesion. He was started with high dose intravenous methylprednisolone 250mg four times per day for three days. He was then discharged home with oral prednisolone 1mg/kg for another 11 days. During the follow-up,the visual acuity was improved to 6/6 after six months with slightly pale disc.The Bell's palsy was also improved without obvious facial asymmetry.CONCLUSION:It is important for clinician to examine other cranial nerces in optic neuritis. Although neuroretinitis with coexistent facial nerve in optic neuritis.Although neuroretinitis with coexistent facial nerve palsy is a rare conditon,thorough examinations and investigations should be made to exclude the inportant infetice causes.Optic neuritis with coexistent facial nerce palsy responds well to the high dose steroids.
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A subperiosteal abscess is a form of orbital cellulitis characterized by a collection of fluid and pus confined by the periosteal lining of the orbit. In neonates, orbital abscesses are extremely rare. We present a case of a 26-day-old baby girl with severe orbital cellulitis in the right eye. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbits and paranasal sinuses revealed right orbital cellulitis with medial subperiosteal and retro-orbital abscess. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was found in eye discharges. The patient was started on intravenous ceftriaxone and intravenous metronidazole. Urgent drainage of the abscess was performed via functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). She recovered well after intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage. Surgical drainage via endoscopic technique is the preferred treatment to prevent further complications.
ABSTRACT
·AIM: To assess the biocompatibility of bovine bone as orbital implants in rabbits.·METHODS: Bovine bone graft was used as an ocular implant in rabbits to determine whether it could be successfully used in the anophthalmic socket as an alternative to the expensive synthetic alloplastics. Evisceration of eyes with and without bovine bone orbital implantation was performed in the right eyes of 12 New Zealand white rabbits.Group Y (n =6) was eviscerated without implant, meanwhile Group X (n =6) was eviscerated with insertion of an orbital implant using bovine bone. Observation was carried out on day 1, day 7, day 14, day 28 and day 42. Serial clinical examination was carried out based on a few fixed criteria,which included rate of infection, implant migration, evidence of wound breakdown and any restriction of intraocular movements. The implanted eyes were then enucleated on day 42. The enucleated eyes were sent for histopathological evaluation to record the type of inflammatory reaction and rate of fibrovascular ingrowth.·RESULTS: Serial clinical examination showed presence of minimal infection in all eyes, both in Group X implanted) and Group Y (control) on first postoperative day, which responded well with antibiotics. Infection occurred in the implanted group after first postoperative day, but there was no evidence of orbital migration or extrusion of implant, wound breakdown, restriction of extraocular movement, severe infection or any physical abnormality. Histopathological examination revealed good fibrovascular ingrowth in the implanted group, with minimal rejecting reaction of rabbit eye towards bovine bone implant.·CONCLUSION: This study shows that bovine orbital implant has a good biocompatibility in rabbit eyes and its cost is acceptable.