Anemia and survival in Thai hemodialysis patients: evidence from national registry data.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in chronic dialysis patients. The K/DOQI guideline recommends the target hemoglobin of 11-12 g/dl (hematocrit of 33-36%). However the appropriate hematocrit level for Thai hemodialysis patients has been controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of anemia on mortality in Thai chronic hemodialysis patients who initiated their dialysis from 1999 through 2003. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The data from the Thailand Renal Replacement Therapy Registry who has conducted an annual report of chronic dialysis patients throughout Thailand since 1997 was used. Data of twice- and thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients who had recorded hematocrit from 1999 through 2003 were processed and confirmed before final analysis. Records of 3,211 hemodialysis patients from 301 centers were included. RESULT: The original kidney diseases were diabetes mellitus (31.5%) and hypertension (20.9%). Most patients received twice-weekly hemodialysis (86.3%). The mean hematocrit was 29.3 +/- 5.5%. Most patients (72.8%) had hematocrits of less than 33%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed patients with hematocrit of ?33% or more had better survival than patients with hematocrits of less than 33% (p <0.01). Patients with hematocrits of less than 27, 27-29.9, 30-32.9 and 36% or more had mortality risks of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.31-2.76, p <0.01), 2.10 (95% CI: 1.42-3.09, p <0.01), 1.74 (95% CI: 1.18-2.56, p <0.01) and 1.174 (95% CI: 0.73-1.90, p = 0.51) respectively, compared to those with hematocrit of 33-35.9%. CONCLUSION: The best survival can be achieved in Thai patients with hematocrits of at least 33%.

Clearance of vancomycin during high-efficiency hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin is commonly used for the treatment of MRSA infections in critically ill patients with renal diseases. Vancomycin is mainly eliminated through the kidney. Its excretion is therefore substantially reduced in severe renal impaired patients. Although several studies have demonstrated that significant amounts of vancomycin are removed during High-Flux/High-Efficiency Hemo Dialysis (HF/HEHD), more data are required to optimize clinical applications. OBJECTIVE: Predict the appropriate vancomycin intradialytic dosage and dosing interval among patients receiving HEHD. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty patients who were receiving HEHD with cellulose triacetate dialyzer were included to determine the vancomycin intradialytic clearance. Two patients were included twice and one patient was included three times due to reinfections. This gave rise to 24 patient-times. The study was carried out at Songklanagarind Hospital between January 2003 and March 2004. RESULTS: In a prospective opened label design, each patient received 1g vancomycin, 1 hour infusion, immediately after completion of HEHD. Six scheduled blood samples were drawn as follows: (1) 60 minutes following completion of vancomycin infusion (Cmax); (2) immediately before starting the second HEHD; (3) 2 hours after starting the second HEHD; (4) immediately after completion of the second HEHD; (5) immediately before starting the third HEHD; and (6) immediately after the third HEHD ended (Cmin). The authors measured vancomycin serum levels using HPLC technique. The serum concentrations were used to calculate all relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. The pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SD) were: intradialytic clearance (CLHD) 93.4 +/- 37.1 mL/min; intradialytic elimination rate constant (k) 1.1 +/- 0.5 hr(-1); overall elimination half-life (t(1/2)) 77.1 +/- 37.8 hr; volume of distribution (Vd) 82.1 +/- 40.3 L; Cmax 25.8 +/- 8.12 mg/L (range 12.04-48.80); Cmin 6.2 +/- 3.1 mg/L; and % removal during the second HEHD 37.9 +/- 12.9. Subtherapeutic levels were found in 66.7% (16/24) and 91.6% (22/24) of patients after the second and the third HEHD, respectively. CONCLUSION: HEHD with cellulose triacetate dialyzer removes significant amount of vancomycin. Based on the authors' findings, a loading dose of 1 g, and 500 mg after every subsequent HEHD is recommended.