Neurocircuitry of Predatory Hunting / 神经科学通报·英文版

Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal kingdom. It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions, including prey search, pursuit, attack, and consumption. This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system. Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting, which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions. More recent studies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethology and neurocircuits underlying this behavior. Here, we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology, including sensory processing, sensorimotor transformation, motivation, and sequential encoding of hunting actions. We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies. We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors, which may shed new light on epidemic disorders, including binge-eating, obesity, and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Predictive value of recurrence for serum hypoxia inducible factor‑1α C‑reaction protein in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of recurrence for serum hypoxia inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α), C‑reaction protein (CRP) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty‑eight hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with TACE were included in this study from February 2010 to January 2013 as the case group. Of the included 58 cases, 47 patients had recurrence disease, and other 11 cases had no recurrence disease within 2 years follow‑up. Moreover, 62 subjects with no benign liver disease were recruited as a control group in the same period. The serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP were tested in case group and control group 1‑week after TACE. The serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP were compared among the recurrence, nonrecurrence, and benign liver disease patients. The predictive value of recurrence for serum HIF‑1α, CRP was calculated by Bayes’ theorem. RESULTS: The serum HIF‑1α and CRP level was arrayed 1‑week after TACE. For recurrence cases, the serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP was 2457.00 ± 335.70 pg/ml and 11.46 ± 3.25 mg/L. For nonrecurrence subjects, the serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP was 2067.00 ± 175.900 pg/ml and 8.99 ± 1.70 mg/L. Moreover, for the benign liver disease patients, the serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP was 1897.00 ± 121.33 pg/ml and 6.11 ± 1.2 mg/L. The serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP was significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma patients than that of benign liver disease patients (P < 0.05); The recurrence predictive sensitivity and specificity of HIF‑1α for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after TACE chemoembolization was 76.60% and 81.82% with the area under the curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.85; The recurrence predictive sensitivity and specificity of CRP for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after TACE was 65.96% and 63.64% with the AUC/ROC of 0.74. CONCLUSION: The serum level of HIF‑1α and CRP was elevated in recurrence patients which could be a potential marker for recurrence prediction.

Os impactos da judicialização da saúde no município de São Paulo: gasto público e organização federativa / Los impactos de la judicialización de la salud en el municipio de São Paulo: gasto público y organización federativa / The impacts of health care judicialization in the city of Sao Paulo: public expenditure and federal organization

Nos últimos anos constata-se no Brasil um aumento do número de decisões judiciais obrigando o poder público a fornecer medicamentos, insumos, equipamentos e cirurgias. Os juízes tendem a desconsiderar o impacto orçamentário de suas decisões e entendem que todos os entes da federação podem ser igualmente responsabilizados pelo fornecimento de qualquer item pedido pelo paciente. O presente estudo analisa o impacto dessas decisões para a gestão orçamentária da política de saúde no município de São Paulo por meio de uma estimativa de gastos com a judicialização para o ano de 2011 a partir dos dados disponibilizados pelo município e as publicações no Diário Oficial concernentes à compra de medicamentos e insumos sem licitação pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. De acordo com as estimativas do presente trabalho, o gasto do município com judicialização da saúde em 2011 é o equivalente a 6% do que o município gastou com sua política de assistência farmacêutica e 10% do total gasto com fornecimento de medicamentos e material hospitalar, ambulatorial e odontológico. Além do mais, cerca de 55% desse gasto são destinados ao fornecimento de medicamentos de responsabilidade de estados ou União, e por volta de 45% para tratamentos não contemplados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.

En los últimos años puede ser visto en Brasil un incremento en el número de decisiones judiciales obligando al Gobierno a proporcionar medicamentos, productos y procedimientos de salud. Los jueces normalmente ignoran el impacto presupuestario de sus decisiones y entienden que toda entidade federativa puede ser responsable para suministrar cualquier tratamiento solicitado por el paciente. Este estudio analiza el impacto de estas decisiones para la gestión del presupuesto de la política de salud en la Municipalidad de São Paulo. El gasto presupuestario fue calculado con información proveída por la Municipalidad de São Paulo y disponible en el Diario Oficial. Según las estimaciones del presente trabajo, el gasto del municipio con la judicialización de la salud en 2011 es equivalente a 6% del presupuesto de su política de asistencia farmacéutica y 10% del total gastado en el suministro de medicamentos y material hospitalar. Además, alrededor de 55% de este gasto es para el suministro de medicamentos de la responsabilidad de los Estados o del Gobierno Federal y 45% para los tratamientos que no pertenecen a la política pública de salud.

During the last years, the number of judicial decision ordering the provision of health treatments, equipment and surgeries by the public health system has increased. Judges tend to ignore their decisions’ budgetary impact and to consider that the Federal Government entities can be considered equally responsible by the supply of any item ordered by the patient. This paper analyzes the impact of these judicial decisions for the budgetary management of health policy in the City of Sao Paulo. It was considered an estimate with the expenses on the judicialization for the year of 2011, taking into consideration the data made available by the city and the publications in the official gazette about the acquisition of medications without bidding by the Municipal Health Department. According to the estimate of this article, the expenses of the city with health judicialization in 2011 is equivalent to 6% of the amount that the city spent with its policy of pharmaceutical assistance, and 10% of the total amount spent with the supply of medications, and hospital, dental and outpatient care material. Moreover, around 55% of the total amount is spent with drugs supply which are responsibility from the states and the union, and around 45% is spent with treatments that are not included in the Unified Public System (known as SUS).

Effect of HeLa cells infected with Coxsackie virus B3 on mTOR and p70S6K mRNA expression under different nutritional conditions / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the effect of HeLa cells infected with Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) on the changes of mTOR signal pathway under different nutritional conditions.Methods The HeLa cells were cultured under conventional culture and serum starvation culture.(1) For the conventional method,the medium with 10 g/L fetal bovine serum was added for 24 h after the Hela cells were fused into 40％ to 50％,and the medium was changed on the next day,then the virus group was infected with CVB3 of 50％ tissue culture infective dose (TCID50).However,the control group was cultured by 2 g/L fetal bovine serum.(2) For the serum starvation method,HeLa cells were cultured with the medium without fetal bovine serum for 24 h.Then the virus group was infected with CVB3 of TCID50.The cells in control group were cultured by 2 g/L fetal bovine serum.Cell morphology changes were observed by inverted microscope,and the expressions of the mTOR,p70S6K mRNA were detected with Real-time PCR at 3 h,6 h,9 h,12 h,24 h respectively in both conventional culture and serum starvation groups.Results The expressions of mTOR and p70S6K mRNA were lower in the virus group than those in control group at 12 h and the 24 h (all P ＜0.05) in the conventional culture group.And the expressions of mTOR and p70S6K mRNA in the virus group were lower than those in the control group at every time points (all P ＜ 0.05) in serum starvation group.The expressions of mTOR and p70S6K mRNA in group with serum starvation virus and the control groups were higher than those in conventional culture group in all time points,but only the expressions of mTOR mRNA were significantly different between the 2 groups (all P ＜0.05),however,the expressions of p70S6K mRNA had no significant difference between the 2 groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion CVB3 may be able to down-regulate the expressions of mTOR and p70S6K mRNA.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid pR ST98 -mediated inhibition of autophagy promotes bacterial survival in infected fibroblasts.

pR ST98 is a chimeric plasmid isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) and mediates both drug-resistance and virulence of S. typhi. Autophagy has been recently reported as an important component of the innate immune response against intracellular pathogen. In this study, we investigated the effect of pR ST98 on cellular autophagy, apoptosis and bacterial survival in infected fibroblasts. S. typhi strain ST 8 carrying pR ST98 , Salmonella typhimurium strain SR-11 carrying a 100 Kb virulent plasmid, and avirulent S. typhi strain ST 10 without plasmid were tested in this experiment. Results showed that embryonic fibroblasts infected with ST 8 containing pR ST98 had decreased autophagy accompanied by increased bacterial survival and apoptosis. Further study showed that autophagy inducer rapamycin reversed pR ST98 -mediated inhibition of autophagy and reduced apoptosis in infected fibroblasts. Our data indicate that pR ST98 can inhibit autophagy, thus facilitating S. typhi survival and promoting apoptosis of host cells. This study contributes to understanding the underlying mechanism of pR ST98 -mediated virulence in S. typhi.

Time resolved fluoroimmunoassay for Glypican 3 and its preliminary application / 中华核医学杂志

Objective To establish a time resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) method for detecting Glypican 3 (GPC3) and to explore the diagnostic value of serum GPC3 for hepatic carcinoma (HCC). Methods Microplate coated with anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody 7C8 and GP9 labeled with Eu3+ were used to establish TRFIA kit. The serum concentrations of GPC3 in 41 HCC patients and 44 chronic hepatitis (CH) patients were quantitatively analyzed. AFP was detected by with lowest limit of 2.06 μg/L. The CV of inter and intra assay were 12.25% and 12.91%, respectively. The average serum concentration of GPC3 in HCC patients was (86.68±110.39) μg/L (median: 56.98 μg/L). But in CH patients it was only (14.77±29.48) μg/L, which was significantly lower than that in HCC (Wilcoxon W=1335.00, Z=-4.99, P<0.001). With diagnostic cut-off value set at 42.94 μg/L, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of TRFIA GPC3 for HCC were 58.5% (24/41) and 95.5%(42/44) respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of AFP was 46.3% (19/41) in 41 HCC patients, and was raised to 78.0% (32/41) when combined with GPC3. Conclusions Serum GPC3 assay by TRFIA is established and it could increase the diagnostic sensitivity for HCC when combined with AFP.

Visualization in the frontier of angiotensin-converting enzyme and calcium antagonist / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To study on the research focus of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI) and calcium channel blocker.Methods From 1999 to 2008,the literature which the "angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor"and"angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor" in SCI database were collected.CiteSpace visualization techniques were uesd to analyze hot fields,hot spot of the author and the hot article on two types of the drugs.Results There were 5 hot fields on two type of drugs,respectively were theray,ACEI,hypentesion,CCB and randomized-trial.The most frequent intermediate words were hypentesion and mortality,etc.The hotest fields were HARVARD UNIV and UNIV MILAN respectively,and the hotest magazine were Hypentesion,Hypentesions Rev respectively.Conclusion CiteSpace visualization techniques can make a scitific conclusion on ACEI and CCB.