Crotalaria ferruginea extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Crotalaria ferruginea extract (CFE) and its mechanism. Methods: An intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model was used to study the anti-inflammatory activity of CFE in vivo. The LPS-induced shock model was used to analyze the effect of CFE on survival. LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of CFE in vitro and the effects on mitogen-Activated protein kinase (MAPK) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Results: CFE administration decreased the number of inflammatory cells, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-A), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ, and diminished protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. CFE also reduced lung wet-To-dry weight ratio, myeloperoxidase, and lung tissue pathological injury. CFE pre-Administration improved the survival rate of mice challenged with a lethal dose of LPS. CFE reduced LPS-Activated RAW264.7 cells to produce nitric oxide, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6. Furthermore, CFE inhibited nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB P65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-Terminal kinases, and P38 MAPKs. Conclusions: CFE exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced ALI mice, LPS-shock mice, and RAW264.7 cells, and its mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Crotalaria ferruginea may be a useful therapeutic drug for the treatment of ALI and other respiratory inflammations.

Crotalaria ferruginea extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Crotalaria ferruginea extract (CFE) and its mechanism. Methods: An intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model was used to study the anti-inflammatory activity of CFE in vivo. The LPS-induced shock model was used to analyze the effect of CFE on survival. LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of CFE in vitro and the effects on mitogen-Activated protein kinase (MAPK) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Results: CFE administration decreased the number of inflammatory cells, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-A), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ, and diminished protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. CFE also reduced lung wet-To-dry weight ratio, myeloperoxidase, and lung tissue pathological injury. CFE pre-Administration improved the survival rate of mice challenged with a lethal dose of LPS. CFE reduced LPS-Activated RAW264.7 cells to produce nitric oxide, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6. Furthermore, CFE inhibited nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB P65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-Terminal kinases, and P38 MAPKs. Conclusions: CFE exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced ALI mice, LPS-shock mice, and RAW264.7 cells, and its mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Crotalaria ferruginea may be a useful therapeutic drug for the treatment of ALI and other respiratory inflammations.

Optimization of response surface of fresh-cut processing technology in Corydalis Rhizoma producing area / 中草药

Objective To optimize the fresh-cutting process of Corydalis Rhizoma by response surface methodology, and obtain the best technology for fresh-cut processing of Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods The slice thickness, the hot air drying temperature and the loading amount were taken as the investigation factors. The total alkaloid content, the extract content and the drying efficiency were taken as the indicators. The weight coefficient of each index was obtained by principal component analysis method, and the comprehensive score was calculated. Single factor analysis was performed on the investigation factors to obtain the initial optimization range, and the response surface optimization method was used to optimize the final process optimization parameters. Results The best production conditions for fresh-cut processing were determined as slice thickness of 4 mm, dry load of 7 kg/m2, drying temperature of 85 ℃, total drying time of (279.0 ± 1.1) min, and comprehensive score of (0.860 6 ± 0.010 0). At this time, the total alkaloid content of Corydalis Rhizoma was (6.274 ± 0.030) mg/g, the content of the leachate was (17.86 ± 0.22)%, and the drying efficiency was (25.09 ± 0.00) g/(m2∙min). Conclusion The established drying process can better preserve the content of alkaloids and extracts in Corydalis Rhizoma, maintain high drying efficiency, ensure high quality and reduce energy consumption of enterprises, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for the production and processing of Corydalis Rhizoma pieces.

Identification of impurity profile in tinidazole glucose injection by UPLC-MS / 药学学报

Five components in the impurity profile of tinidazole glucose injection were detected and identified by UPLC-Q Exactive quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, in combination with retention time references, organic reaction mechanisms and UV spectral analysis. They are 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (impurity 1), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (impurity 2), 1-(2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl)-2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-Imidazole (impurity 5), 1-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole (impurity 6) and 1,4-di-N-oxo-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole (impurity 8) respectively, of which impurities 6 and 8 are identified for the first time. These results and detection methods are useful for monitoring the manufacturing process and quality control of tinidazole and glucose injection solution.

Analysis of different forms Linderae Radix based on HPLC and NIRS fingerprints / 中国中药杂志

Three different forms of Linderae Radix were evaluated by HPLC combined with NIRS fingerprint. The Linderae Radix was divided into three forms, including spindle root, straight root and old root. The HPLC fingerprints were developed, and then cluster analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The near-infrared spectra of Linderae Radix was collected, and then established the discriminant analysis model. The similarity values of the spindle root and straight root all were above 0.990, while the similarity value of the old root was less than 0.850. Two forms of Linderae Radix were obviously divided into three parts by the NIRS model and Cluster analysis. The results of HPLC and FT-NIR analysis showed the quality of Linderae Radix old root was different from the spindle root and straight root. The combined use of the two methods could identify different forms of Linderae Radix quickly and accurately.

Simultaneous determination of eight water-soluble constituents in Zhejiang fritillary slices before and after sulfur fumigation process by HPLC-DAD / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of adenine, cytidine, inosine, uracil, uridine, thymidine, adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices, and determine and compare the contents of the eight compositions in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices before and after sulfur fumigation process. METHODS: The samples solution was determined by HPLC-DAD with an Inertsil ODS-SP C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5.0 μm) using water (A)-methanol (B) as the mobile phase by gradient elution (0-10 min, 1%→5% B; 10-15 min, 5%→15% B; 15-20 min, 15%→20% B; 20-30 min, 20% B; 30-35 min, 20%→100% B) at the flow rate of 1 mL·min-1. The column temperature was maintained at 25℃. RESULTS: All the components showed good linearity (r≥0.9995) in the range of the tested concentration. The average recoveries of the method were 100.90%, 97.92%, 100.28%, 98.95%, 100.42%, 99.02%, 101.96% and 100.39%, respectively. After sulfur-fumigation process, the contents of the six compositions in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices decreased obviously. CONCLUSION: The validated method has the advantages of simpleness, high precision and reliability, allowing the comprehensive quality control of Zhejiang Fritillary Slices. Sulfur fumigation can remarkably affect the amount of the eight water-soluble constituents in Zhejiang Fritillary Slices. So, sulfur fumigation shouldn't be apllied as primary processing method for Zhejiang Fritillary Slices.

Rapid identification of crude and sweated dipsaci radix based on near-infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance / 中国中药杂志

In order to discriminate the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix correctly and rapidly, the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix were scanned by the NIR spectrometer, and an identifying model was developed by near infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component-Mahalanobis distance pattern recognition method. The pretreated spectra data of 129 crude samples and 86 sweated ones were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA). The identifying model was developed by choosing the spectrum for 9 881.46-4 119.20 cm(-1) and "SNV + spectrum + S-G" to the original spectral preprocessing with 14 principal components, and then was verified by prediction set, identifying with 100% accuracy. The rapid identification model of the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix by NIR is feasible and efficient, and could be used as an assistant means for identifying the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix.

Component analysis of crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix based on HPLC-ESI-MS / 中草药

Objective: A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) method was developed for the component analysis of the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix. Methods: Analyses were carried out on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) column by gradient elution using (A) 0.1% aqueous formic acid and (B) acetonitrile. The column was maintained at 30℃, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. Chemical characteristics of the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix were analyzed by MS techniques with an ESI source, the quasi molecular ions of compounds in both negative and positive modes were observed for molecule mass information as [M-H]-, [M + HCOO]-, [M + H]+, and [M + Na]+. Results: An HPLC-ESI-MS spectrum of the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix was established with 42 peaks respectively, and the potential structures of 31 characteristic components were identified by study on the MS of compounds and comparing with reference data and some of standards. After being sweated, the contents of some components in Dipsaci Radix decreased, such as loganic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, loganin, isochlorogenic acid B, dipsanoside A, and dipsanoside B, but some ones increased, such as cantleyoside, dipsacoside X, dipsacoside VI, dipsacoside VII, dipsacoside B, dipsacoside XIII, and dipsacus saponin A, The amount of other ingredients are almost the same. Conclusion: The HPLC- ESI-MS spectrum could comprehensively control the quality of the crude and sweated Dipsaci Radix.